Appendix:Hungarian fleeting-vowel words
Hungarian fleeting-vowel words[1] (Hungarian hangzóhiányos / hangzóvesztő / hangzótoldó [változatú] névszótövek) lose their vowels in their last syllable in several inflected forms. These words include mostly nouns as well as a few adjectives and numerals. For an excerpt of similar verbs, see the last section near the bottom.
Nouns and adjectives
[edit]The column “Ending” contains the last two consonants in reverse-alphabetized order, in invisible format, only to enable sorting by the ending (aside from the other headers).
Word | Accusative | Meaning | Ending | Front or back | Note |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ajak | ajkat | lip | kj | back | low-vowel word |
akol | aklot | sheep-fold, pen | lk | back | also regular |
alom | almot | litter, animal bedding, bed of straw | ml | back | see the unrelated endings -alom, -dalom etc. at the bottom of this table |
-alom -dalom -adalom -odalom |
-almat -dalmat -adalmat -odalmat |
— | ml | back | noun suffix, forming low-vowel words see also the unrelated word alom near the top of this table |
álom | álmot | dream | ml | back | |
árok | árkot | ditch, trench | kr | back | |
ászok | ászkot | gantry (for a barrel); Weinlager | ksz | back | |
átok | átkot | curse, malediction | kt | back | |
bagoly | baglyot | owl | jg | back | |
bajusz | bajszot | mustache | szj | back | may also be regular: bajuszt |
barom | barmot | cattle, livestock; (fig.) brute, idiot | mr | back | |
bátor | bátrat | brave | rt | back | adjective; (as usual for adjectives) low-vowel word |
berek | berket | grove (literary) | kr | front unrounded | |
birok | birkot | wrestle | kr | back | rare except in one form, birokra |
bodor | bodrot | curl (regional/literary), curly (adjective) |
rd | back | |
bokor | bokrot | bush | rk | back | |
bögöly | böglyöt | horsefly, gadfly | jg | front rounded | |
bugyor | bugyrot | bundle, parcel, pack (rare) | rgy | back | |
burok | burkot | shell, casing, cover, integument | kr | back | not to be confused with unrelated bürök, below |
bürök | bürköt | hemlock | kr | front rounded | not to be confused with unrelated burok, above |
bütyök | bütyköt | gnarl, knot, node, lump, excrescence | kty | front rounded | |
cimbalom | cimbalmot | Hungarian dulcimer; cimbalom | ml | back | not a low-vowel word, in contrast to derivations ending in -alom |
cinterem | cintermet | graveyard (archaic) | mr | front unrounded | unrelated to terem (also with a fleeting vowel) |
cirkalom | cirkalmat | curlicue, flourish; (archaic) compasses | ml | back | low-vowel word; not a derivation with -alom |
cirok | cirkot (cirokot) | sorghum, kaffir (corn) | kr | back | |
cukor | cukrot | sugar | rk | back | |
cseber | csebret | bucket, pail (dated) | rb | front unrounded | alternative form of csöbör, below |
csokor | csokrot | bouquet, nosegay | rk | back | |
csöbör | csöbröt | bucket, pail (dated) | rb | front rounded | alternative form of cseber, above |
csupor | csuprot | mug, pot, jar | rp | back | |
csücsök | csücsköt | tip, corner (of some cloth) | kcs | front rounded | |
csülök | csülköt | (pork) knuckle | kl | front rounded | also csürök in archaism |
dolog | dolgot | thing | gl | back | |
-elem -delem -edelem |
-elmet -delmet -edelmet |
— | ml | front unrounded | noun-forming suffix; the noun elem (“element”) does not belong here |
eper | epret | strawberry; mulberry | rp | front unrounded | |
érem | érmet | medal | mr | front unrounded | unrelated to szemérem (“modesty, pudency”) |
étek | étket | food (literary) | kt | front unrounded | |
ezer | ezret | thousand | rz | front unrounded | numeral (“1000”) |
farok | farkat | tail | kr | back | low-vowel word |
fátyol | fátylat | veil; fog, haze, mist | lty | back | low-vowel word |
féreg | férget | worm | gr | front unrounded | |
fészek | fészket | nest | ksz | front unrounded | |
fodor | fodrot | frill, ruffle | rd | back | |
fogoly | foglyot | prisoner; partridge | jg | back | |
gödör | gödröt | pit; socket | rd | front rounded | |
gyomor | gyomrot | stomach (organ) | rm | back | |
halom | halmot | heap, pile; mound, hill | ml | back | |
három | hármat | three | mr | back | numeral (“3”); low-vowel word |
haszon | hasznot | profit, use, gain, advantage | nsz | back | |
horog | horgot | (fishing) hook | gr | back | |
horony | hornyot | groove, flute/fluting, rabbet, slot | nyr | back | |
hurok | hurkot | noose, loop | kr | back | |
iker | ikret | twin | rk | front unrounded | |
izom | izmot | muscle | mz | back | |
járom | jármot | yoke | mr | back | |
jászol | jászlat | manger; crib | lsz | back | low-vowel word |
kapocs | kapcsot | (paper)clip, clasp, clamp, staple, snap | csp | back | |
kapor | kaprot | dill | rp | back | |
karom | karmot | claw, talon | mr | back | |
kazal | kazlat | stack, rick | lz | back | low-vowel word |
kebel | keblet | bosom (literary) | lb | front unrounded | |
kelet | keletet (keltet) (poss.) kelte |
date | tl | front unrounded | the accusative tends to be regular but the possessive-suffixed form loses a vowel; its homonym with the more common sense “east” is regular |
kéreg | kérget | crust, bark | gr | front unrounded | |
koboz | kobzot | lute, lyre (historical) | zb | back | |
korom | kormot | soot | mr | back | |
köböl | köblöt | butt, vat (archaic) | lb | front rounded | |
kölyök | kölyköt | kid, young (of animals), whelp, puppy | kj | front rounded | |
köröm | körmöt | fingernail | mr | front rounded | |
lator | latrot / latort | knave, rogue | rt | back | may also be regular |
lélek | lelket | soul | kl | front unrounded | with alternating vowel length in its first syllable |
lepel | leplet | veil, shroud, pall | lp | front unrounded | |
lucsok | lucskot | sludge, slush | kcs | back | also locsok, lucsk in archaic or regional form |
majom | majmot | monkey, ape | mj | back | |
malom | malmot | mill | ml | back | |
marok | markot | inside of a (closed) hand; handful, grasp, grip | kr | back | |
meder | medret | riverbed | rd | front unrounded | |
méreg | mérget | poison; anger | gr | front unrounded | |
mocsok | mocskot | filth, sleaze, grime | kcs | back | |
murok | murkot | wild carrot (rare) | kr | back | |
nyereg | nyerget | saddle | gr | front unrounded | |
nyirok | nyirkot | lymph; moisture, damp(ness) | kr | back | |
odor | odrot | hollow, cavity; geode; swage (regional or technical) | rd | back | may also be regular |
ólom | ólmot | lead (metal) | ml | back | |
orom | ormot | summit, peak, pinnacle (literary) | mr | back | |
öböl | öblöt | bay, gulf | lb | front rounded | |
ököl | öklöt | fist | lk | front rounded | |
ökör | ökröt | ox | rk | front rounded | |
pecek | pecket | peg, pin | kc | front unrounded | alternative form of pöcök, below (not to be confused with unrelated pocok) |
petrezselyem | petrezselymet | parsley | mj | front unrounded | |
piszok | piszkot | dirt, filth, grime | ksz | back | |
pocok | pockot | vole, fieldmouse, fieldvole | kc | back | not to be confused with unrelated pöcök, below |
pokol | poklot | hell | lk | back | |
pöcök | pöcköt | peg, pin | kc | front rounded | alternative form of pecek, above not to be confused with unrelated pocok, above |
prücsök | prücsköt | (endearing) little child; (regional) cricket | kcs | front rounded | compare tücsök, below |
retek | retket | radish | kt | front unrounded | |
rücsök | rücsköt | pockmark, knurl, tubercle (any protuberance causing coarseness) |
kcs | front rounded | |
sarok | sarkot / sarkat | corner; heel | kr | back | low-vowel word in one of its two senses (“heel”) |
sátor | sátrat | tent | rt | back | low-vowel word |
selyem | selymet | silk | mj | front unrounded | |
sodor | sodrot | current, course | rd | back | used chiefly with a possessive suffix |
sólyom | sólymot | falcon, hawk | mj | back | |
sulyok | sulykot | mallet, battledore, dolly; beater, rammer (historical) |
kj | back | |
sulyom | sulymot | water caltrop; buffalo nut | mj | back | |
szatyor | szatyrot | bag (for shopping), satchel | rty | back | |
szeder | szedret | blackberry; bramble; mulberry | rd | front unrounded | |
szemérem | szemérmet | modesty, pudency | mr | front unrounded | unrelated to érem (“medal”) |
szirom | szirmot | petal | mr | back | |
szitok | szitkot | curse, invective, verbal abuse | kt | back | |
szobor | szobrot | statue, sculpture | rb | back | |
szurok | szurkot | pitch, tar | kr | back | |
szutyok | szutykot | grime, filth, dirt | kty | back | |
takony | taknyot | snot, nasal mucus | nyt | back | |
tegez | tegzet | quiver (historical) | zg | front unrounded | also regular |
telek | telket | (building) plot/site | kl | front unrounded | |
terem | termet | hall, room | mr | front unrounded | |
titok | titkot | secret | kt | back | |
torok | torkot | throat | kr | back | |
torony | tornyot | tower | nyr | back | |
töbör | töbröt | sinkhole, doline, funnel-shaped crater (technical) | rb | front rounded | |
tulok | tulkot | young bullock, steer (archaic) | kl | back | not to be confused with unrelated tülök, below |
tücsök | tücsköt | cricket | kcs | front rounded | |
tükör | tükröt | mirror | rk | front rounded | |
tülök | tülköt | klaxon, horn, hooter (historical) | kl | front rounded | archaic alternative form: türök (also with a fleeting vowel) not to be confused with unrelated tulok, above |
üröm | ürmöt | wormwood, mugwort, artemisia | mr | front rounded | |
üszök | üszköt | cinder, ember; firebrand | ksz | front rounded | |
vacok | vackot | den, lair (literary) | kc | back | |
vászon | vásznat | linen; cloth; canvas | nsz | back | low-vowel word |
veder | vedret | bucket | rd | front unrounded | alternative (less common) form of vödör, below |
vékony(a) | véknyat | loin, flank, side (folksy, rare as a noun) | nyk | back | used chiefly with a possessive suffix; the final vowel is preserved in the standard form |
verem | vermet | ditch, pit, snare, fall trap | mr | front unrounded | |
vétek | vétket | trespass, transgression, vice, fault | kt | front unrounded | |
vöcsök | vöcsköt | grebe | kcs | front rounded | also vicek, vöcsög in regional/archaic form |
vödör | vödröt | bucket | rd | front rounded | alternative form of veder, above |
- The regional nouns pityer (“pipit, titlark”) and erek (“portico, vestibule, balcony”) may optionally also behave as fleeting-vowel words.
- The nouns sereg (“army”), csegely (“pendentive, spandrel, panache”), and csepely (“sparse shrub”) might behave in regionalism as fleeting-vowel words.
- The noun élet (“life”) may behave in archaism or literary style as a fleeing-vowel word.
- The adjective éber (“awake”) might behave in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word.
- The rare, archaic noun döbör (“crater”) may optionally also behave as a fleeting-vowel word.
- The archaic noun tőrök (“awl”)[2] has (had) a fleeting vowel, as well.
- Regional tüsök (“thorn”), an alternative form of standard tüske, as well as regional gyürök (“ring, hoop”) (an alternative form of gyűrű) have fleeting vowels.
- The adjective and noun vacak (“rubbish(y), scrap(py)”) may be treated in regionalism as a fleeting-vowel word (coinciding with forms of vacok, above).
- The archaic nouns balom (“[air-filled] ball”)[3], cirom (“dirt, filth”)[4], kotyor (“coppice”)[5], pucok (“support, prop”)[6] had fleeting vowels.
- The regional noun gyalom (“drag-net”) had a fleeting vowel.
- The archaic or literary noun gyilok (“dagger, stiletto”) had a fleeting vowel.
- The archaic nouns bucok (“chunk, lump, clod”)[7], bugoly (“panicle, cluster”), cobor/cubor (“warp beam”)[8], lobor (“pyramid [shape]”), and szugoly (“nook, corner”) may be treated as fleeting-vowel words.
Verbs
[edit]Verbs that behave similarly include the following:
- stems ending in G: ácsorog, andalog, buzog, csavarog, csepereg, csicsereg, csikorog, csorog/csurog, csörög, didereg, dörög, dübörög, dürög, édeleg, émelyeg, enyeleg, érzeleg, fanyalog, feszeleg (rare), fintorog, forog, füstölög, görög (only as a verb), gőzölög, hízeleg, hömpölyög, hörög, hunyorog, imbolyog, inog, kanyarog, kavarog, kéjeleg, kesereg, korog, kóvályog, könyörög, közeleg, kuporog, morog, mosolyog, mozog, nyavalyog, nyikorog, nyüzsög, őgyeleg, párolog, pereg, pezseg, pörög, rezeg (or rezg), sajog, sistereg, sompolyog, sóvárog, sürög, szédeleg, szendereg, támolyog, tántorog, társalog, tekereg, tévelyeg, tiszteleg, toporog, ücsörög, vicsorog, vigyorog, viszolyog, zajog (rare), zavarog, zörög
- stems ending in L: becsmérel, becsül (in certain senses), bérel (also regular), birtokol, csépel, ebédel (now chiefly regular), énekel, érdekel, érdemel, fecsérel, fuldokol (or fuldoklik, below), gátol (also regular), gázol (also regular), gyakorol, gyalogol, gyászol (now chiefly regular), haldokol (or haldoklik, below), helyesel, igényel, indokol (also regular), ingerel, irigyel (also regular), ismétel (also regular), javasol (also regular), jósol (also regular), káromol, kicsinyel*, kóborol (also regular), könyököl (also regular), közöl, kuruzsol (rare), lovagol (also regular), mángorol, merészel (now chiefly regular), mérsékel (also regular), mészárol* (also regular), ócsárol (also regular), orvosol (also regular), ostromol, őröl, panaszol (also regular), pazarol, pecsétel (now chiefly regular), perel (also regular), pótol (now chiefly regular), rabol (now chiefly regular), sínyli*, szagol (now chiefly regular), szerepel (now chiefly regular), tékozol (also regular), térdepel (also regular), torol*, töröl, udvarol (now chiefly regular), üdvözöl, ünnepel, vádol (also regular), vándorol (also regular), varázsol (also regular), vásárol (also regular), vendégel* (now chiefly regular), vezekel (also regular), vezényel (also regular), vezérel (also regular)
- IK verbs: áramlik, bomlik, botlik*, csuklik, csuszamlik, döglik, fénylik, feslik (or fesel), foszlik, fuldoklik (or fuldokol, above), hajlik, haldoklik (or haldokol, above), hámlik, hasonlik*, ízlik, kéklik, kotlik, magaslik*, omlik (or omol), oszlik, ömlik, romlik, siklik, szólamlik*, szüremlik, világlik, vonaglik, zajlik
- stems ending in R: gyötör, kotor, pödör, sodor, söpör (or seper), tipor
- IK verbs: ugrik
- stems ending in Z: bélyegez (also regular), börtönöz* (also regular), céloz, címez, elemez, ellenez, érez, fegyverez*, hímez, idegez*, irányoz, jegyez, jelez, jellemez, képez (also regular, partly depending on meaning), kínoz, koboz*, kormányoz, kölcsönöz, lélegez* (and intransitive lélegzik, below), őriz (also regular), ösztönöz, (be)poroz* (regular except with -ás, see also intransitive porzik below), rögtönöz, sebez*, sugároz, szabályoz, szemez (rare), szerez, szoroz, toboroz, túloz, utánoz, végez, versenyez, viszonoz, vonalaz (vonaloz)
- other stems (D and M):
Verbs marked with an asterisk are always or chiefly used with a verbal prefix.
Some verbs with the endings given above are regular (e.g. köhög, hatol, botoz, and kötöz).
Some verbs are not grouped here as only a noun derived from the present participle loses a vowel, and it's lexicalized on its own, e.g. ebédel (“to have lunch”) → ebédelő emberek (“people having lunch”) but ebédlő (“dining room”).