險

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See also: 险 and 険
險 U+96AA, 險
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96AA
← 隩
[U+96A9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 隫 →
[U+96AB]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 險
Shinjitai 険
Simplified 险

Han character[edit]

險 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 弓中人一人 (NLOMO), four-corner 78286, composition ⿰阝僉)

Derived characters[edit]

Related characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1361, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41874
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1865, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4160, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+96AA

Chinese[edit]

trad. 險
simp. 险
alternative forms 礆／硷

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 險
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (僉) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
厱 *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam
歛 *qʰlaːm
臉 *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ
醶 *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ
鹼 *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam
薟 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram
匳 *ɡ·ram
獫 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ
蘞 *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam
籢 *ɡ·ram
斂 *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams
瀲 *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams
撿 *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ
羷 *ɡ·ramʔ
殮 *ɡ·rams
簽 *skʰlam
僉 *skʰlam
憸 *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ
譣 *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ
檢 *kramʔ
瞼 *kramʔ
儉 *ɡramʔ
顩 *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ
嬐 *ŋramʔ
嶮 *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ
噞 *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams
驗 *ŋrams
險 *qʰramʔ
劒 *kams
劍 *kams
𩏩 *qʰam

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰramʔ) : semantic 阝 + phonetic 僉 (OC *skʰlam).

Etymology[edit]

May be cognate with 巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “tall; cliff”). See 嚴 for more.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hiám/hém - literary;
  • hiáⁿ - vernacular.
Note: hiang2 - Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 險
Mandarin Beijing /ɕian²¹⁴/
Harbin /ɕian²¹³/
Tianjin /ɕian¹³/
Jinan /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Qingdao /ɕiã⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ɕian⁵³/
Xi'an /ɕiã⁵³/
Xining /ɕiã⁵³/
Yinchuan /ɕian⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /ɕian⁵¹/
Wuhan /ɕiɛn⁴²/
Chengdu /ɕian⁵³/
Guiyang /ɕian⁴²/
Kunming /ɕiɛ̃⁵³/
Nanjing /ɕien²¹²/
Hefei /ɕiĩ²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕie¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕie̞⁵³/
Hohhot /ɕie⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /ɕi³⁵/
Suzhou /ɕiɪ⁵¹/
Hangzhou /ɕiẽ̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ɕi³⁵/
Hui Shexian /ɕie³⁵/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /ɕiẽ⁴¹/
Xiangtan /ɕiẽ²¹/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hiam³¹/
Taoyuan /hiɑm³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /him³⁵/
Nanning /him³⁵/
Hong Kong /him³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiam⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hieŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xiŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hiam⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiam²¹³/
Rime
Character 險
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 鹽 (154)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 虚檢切
Baxter xjemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hˠiᴇmX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hᵚiɛmX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xiæmX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/hjiamX/
Li
Rong 		/xjɛmX/
Wang
Li 		/xĭɛmX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/xi̯ɛmX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		him2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 險 險
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiǎn xiǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xjæmX › ‹ xjemX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*qʰr[a]mʔ/ /*qʰr[a]mʔ/
English precipitous, dangerous precipitous, dangerous

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 險
Reading # 1/1
No. 10221
Phonetic
component 		僉
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		險
Old
Chinese 		/*qʰramʔ/

Definitions[edit]

險

  1. (of terrain) difficult and treacherous
    險灘／险滩  ―  xiǎntān  ―  dangerous shoal
  2. (now in compounds) narrow pass; treacherous place; strategic point
    天險／天险  ―  tiānxiǎn  ―  natural terrain that is precipitous and in a strategic position
    無險可守／无险可守  ―  wú xiǎn kě shǒu  ―  to have no tenable defence position
  3. (now dialectal or in compounds) danger; hazard; peril; risk
    冒險／冒险  ―  màoxiǎn  ―  to take a risk
    脫險／脱险  ―  tuōxiǎn  ―  to escape danger
    避過呢場險 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    避过呢场险 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
    bei6 gwo3 nei1 coeng4 him2 [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  4. dangerous; hazardous
    驚險／惊险  ―  jīngxiǎn  ―  breathtaking
    險得滯 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    险得滞 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    From: 2002, 李榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代漢語方言大詞典》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595
    him2 dak1 zai6 [Jyutping]
    too dangerous
  5. (now dialectal or in compounds) sinister; vicious
    陰險／阴险  ―  yīnxiǎn  ―  treacherous; sinister
  6. (of bad things) almost; nearly
    險些／险些  ―  xiǎnxiē  ―  nearly
    險遭毒手／险遭毒手  ―  xiǎn zāo dúshǒu  ―  to be nearly murdered
  7. (in compounds) Short for 保險／保险 (bǎoxiǎn, “insurance”).
    壽險／寿险  ―  shòuxiǎn  ―  life insurance

Synonyms[edit]

  • (almost):

Compounds[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Sino-Xenic (險):
  • → Vietnamese: hiểm (險)

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

険

Kyūjitai

險

Kanji[edit]

險

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 険)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Hanja[edit]

險 • (heom) (hangeul 험, revised heom, McCune–Reischauer hŏm, Yale hem)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

險: Hán Việt readings: hiểm[1][2][3][4][5][6]
險: Nôm readings: hiểm[1], hẻm[7], hiếm[2][7], hĩm[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of hiểm (“dangerous, impassable”).
  2. Nôm form of hẻm (“narrow space, dead-end”).
  3. Nôm form of hiếm (“rare, scarce”).
  4. Nôm form of hĩm (“little girl (Central Vietnamese countryside)”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hồ (1976).
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