ire

See also: Ire, IrE, IRE, iré, íre, ìre, Irē, -ire, and -iré

English

Pronunciation

• (US) IPA^(key): /aɪɹ/
• (UK) IPA^(key): /aɪ.ə(ɹ)/

• Audio (US)

  (file)

• Rhymes: -aɪə(r)

Etymology 1

From Middle English ire, yre, shortened form of iren (“coiron”). More at iron.

Noun

ire

1. (obsolete) Iron.
   • 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], OCLC 230972125; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, OCLC 932884868, /mode/1up folio Knight's Tale, recto:

     the cruel ire, red as any glede

Etymology 2

From Middle English ire, from Old French ire (“ire”), from Latin īra (“wrath, rage”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eysh₂- (“to fall upon, act sharply”) (compare Old English ofost (“haste, zeal”), Old Norse eisa (“to race forward”), Ancient Greek ἱερός (hierós, “supernatural, holy”), οἶστρος (oîstros, “frenzy; gadfly”), Avestan 𐬀𐬈𐬯𐬨𐬀‎ (aesma, “anger”), Sanskrit एषति (eṣati, “to drive on”)).

Noun

ire (uncountable)

1. (literary, poetic) Great anger; wrath; keen resentment.
   • 1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “(please specify the story)”, in The Canterbury Tales, [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], OCLC 230972125; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, OCLC 932884868, /mode/1up folio Knight's Tale, recto:

     That lord is now of Thebes the Citee,

     Fulfild of ire and of iniquitee,

     He, for despit and for his tirannye,

     To do the dede bodyes vileynye,

     Of alle oure lordes, whiche that been slawe,

     Hath alle the bodyes on an heep ydrawe,

     And wol nat suffren hem, by noon assent,

     Neither to been yburyed nor ybrent.

   • 1590, Philippe Sidnei [i.e., Philip Sidney], “(please specify the page number)”, in Fulke Greville, Matthew Gwinne, and John Florio, editors, The Covntesse of Pembrokes Arcadia [The New Arcadia], London: […] William Ponsonbie, OCLC 801077108; republished in Albert Feuillerat, editor, The Countesse of Pembrokes Arcadia (Cambridge English Classics: The Complete Works of Sir Philip Sidney; I), Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: University Press, 1912, OCLC 318419127:

     She lik'd not his desire; Fain would be free but dreadeth parents ire

   • 1390, John Gower, Confessio Amantis

     "My good father, tell me this;

     "What thing is ire?

     Sonne, it is That in our English wrath is hote."

   • c. 1591–1592, William Shakespeare, “The Third Part of Henry the Sixt, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: Printed by Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iii]:

     If I digg'd up thy forefathers graves, And hung their rotten coffins up in chains, It could not slake mine ire, nor ease my heart.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     Or Neptune's ire, or Juno's, that so long Perplex'd the Greek and Cytherea's son.

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. A Poem Written in Ten Books, London: […] [Samuel Simmons], […], OCLC 228722708; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, OCLC 230729554:

     The sentence, from thy head remov'd, may light On me, sole cause to thee of all this woe; Me! me! only just object of his ire.

   • a. 1701, John Dryden, “The First Book of Homer’s Ilias”, in The Miscellaneous Works of John Dryden, […], volume IV, London: […] J[acob] and R[ichard] Tonson, […], published 1760, OCLC 863244003, page 419:

     For this th' avenging Pow'r employs his darts; / And empties all his quiver in our hearts; / Thus will perſiſt, relentleſs in his ire, / Till the fair ſlave be render'd to her ſire: [...]

   • 2019, Li Huang; James Lambert, “Another Arrow for the Quiver: A New Methodology for Multilingual Researchers”, in Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, DOI:10.1080/01434632.2019.1596115, page 3:

     News of this notice from the university was picked up by local media and had the effect of raising the ire of some citizens who saw this as an attack on ‘Chinese heritage’, which in turn resulted in a rapid apology from the university[.]

Synonyms

• fury
• rage
• wrath

Related terms

• irascibility
• irascible
• irate
• ireful

 

Translations

great anger

• Bulgarian: гняв (bg) m (gnjav), ярост (bg) f (jarost)
• Catalan: ira (ca) f
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 憤怒 (zh), 愤怒 (zh) (fènnù)

• Dutch: toorn (nl) m, woede (nl) f
• Esperanto: kolero (eo)
• Finnish: viha (fi)
• French: ire (fr) f, colère (fr) f
• German: Ärger (de) m, Wut (de) f, Zorn (de) m
• Italian: ira (it) f
• Japanese: 怒り (ja) (いかり, ikari)

• Latin: īra (la) f
• Macedonian: гнев m (gnev), бес m (bes)
• Maori: hīnawanawa, hīkaka, nguha, nguha
• Persian: غضب‎ (fa) (ğazab)
• Polish: wściekłość (pl) f, furia (pl) f
• Portuguese: ira (pt) f
• Romanian: mânie (ro) f, furie (ro) f
• Russian: гнев (ru) m (gnev), я́рость (ru) f (járostʹ), злость (ru) f (zlostʹ), зло́ба (ru) f (zlóba)
• Spanish: ira (es) f
• Thai: ความโกรธ (th) (kwaam gròht), ความโมโห (kwaam mohŏh), โทสะ (too-sà)

Verb

ire (third-person singular simple present ires, present participle iring, simple past and past participle ired)

1. (transitive) To anger; to fret; to irritate.

Translations

anger, fret

• Dutch: woeden (nl), laaien (nl)
• Faroese: øsa
• Macedonian: беснее (besnee)

• Romanian: înfuria (ro), mânia (ro)
• Thai: ทำให้โกรธ (tam hâi gròht), ทำให้โกรธเคือง (tam hâi gròht keuang)

References

• ire in The Century Dictionary, New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., 1911.
• ire in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, G. & C. Merriam, 1913.

Anagrams

• -ier, EIR, Eri., Rie, eir, rei, rie

---

Dongxiang

Etymology

From Proto-Mongolic *ire-, compare Mongolian ирэх (irekh), Daur irgw.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iˈrə/, [iˈɾɛ]

Verb

ire

1. to come

Derived terms

• iregva (“to make come”)
• iredan (“manner of coming”)

---

French

Etymology

From Latin īra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iʁ/
• Rhymes: -iʁ

Noun

ire f (plural ires)

1. (archaic, literary or poetic) ire, anger

   Synonym: colère

Further reading

• “ire” in Trésor de la langue française informatisé (The Digitized Treasury of the French Language).

Anagrams

• rie

---

Italian

Etymology 1

See the etymology of the main entry.

Noun

ire f

1. plural of ira

Etymology 2

From Latin īre, present active infinitive of eō.

Verb

ire

1. (obsolete, regional, literary) to go

   Synonyms: andare, gire

Conjugation

• Highly defective. Mostly obsolete (with the exceptions of ire, ito and ite, still used in regional contexts).

    Conjugation of ire

infinitive	ire
auxiliary verb		essere	gerund		—
present participle		—	past participle		ito
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	—	—	—	—	ite	—
imperfect	—	—	iva	—	—	ivano
past historic	—	isti	—	—	—	irono
future	—	—	—	irémo	iréte	—
conditional	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	—	—	—	—	—	—
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	ea	ea	ea	—	—	—
imperfect	—	—	—	—	—	—
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		—	—	—	ite	—

Anagrams

• eri, rei, riè

---

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈiː.re/, [ˈiːɾɛ]
• (Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈi.re/, [ˈiːɾɛ]

Verb

īre

1. present active infinitive of eō

References

• ire in The Perseus Project, Perseus Encyclopedia‎^[1], 1999

---

Middle English

Etymology 1

Determiner

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“hers”)

Etymology 2

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of hire (“her”)

Etymology 3

Noun

ire

1. Alternative form of ere (“ear”)

Etymology 4

Determiner

ire

1. Alternative form of here (“their”)

Etymology 5

From Old French ire (“ire”) or Latin īra (“wrath, rage”). See English ire for more.

Noun

ire (uncountable)

1. anger; wrath

References

• “īre, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

---

Middle French

Etymology

Old French ire < Latin īra.

Noun

ire f (plural ires)

1. ire; rage; fury

Descendants

• French: ire

---

Norwegian Bokmål

Noun

ire m (definite singular iren, indefinite plural irer, definite plural irene)

1. person from Ireland, Irishman.

   Synonyms: irlender, irlending

Related terms

• Republikken Irland, Irland
• irsk

References

• “ire” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

---

Norwegian Nynorsk

Noun

ire m (definite singular iren, indefinite plural irar, definite plural irane)

1. person from Ireland, Irishman.

   Synonyms: irlendar, irlending

Related terms

• Republikken Irland, Irland
• irsk

References

• “ire” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

---

Old French

Etymology

Latin īra.

Noun

ire f (oblique plural ires, nominative singular ire, nominative plural ires)

1. ire, anger, rage

Descendants

• → English: ire
• French: ire (now rare)

References

• Godefroy, Frédéric, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française et de tous ses dialectes du IX^e au XV^e siècle (1881) (ire)
• ire on the Anglo-Norman On-Line Hub

---

Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• ira, iro, iru

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *hiz.

Pronoun

ire

1. Alternative form of ira

Declension

Old Saxon personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Singular	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	ik	thū	hē	siu	it
Accusative	mī, me, mik	thī, thik	ina	sia
Dative	mī	thī	imu	iru	it
Genitive	mīn	thīn	is	ira	is
Dual	1.	2.	-	-	-
Nominative	wit	git	-	-	-
Accusative	unk	ink	-	-	-
Dative
Genitive	unkero		-	-	-
Plural	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	wī, we	gī, ge	sia	sia	siu
Accusative	ūs, unsik	eu, iu, iuu
Dative	ūs		im
Genitive	ūser	euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera	iro

---

Portuguese

Verb

ire

1. first-person singular (eu) present subjunctive of irar
2. third-person singular (ele and ela, also used with você and others) present subjunctive of irar
3. third-person singular (você) affirmative imperative of irar
4. third-person singular (você) negative imperative of irar