凹

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order (Japan)

Han character

凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 尸尸山 (SSU), four-corner 7777₀)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
• Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
• Unihan data for U+51F9

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		凹

Glyph origin

Pictogram (象形) .

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): āo (ao¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄠ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wa⁴ / ye²

• Cantonese (Jyutping): aau³ / nap¹
• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): au¹
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): au / nah / lap

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ao¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: āo
    • Zhuyin: ㄠ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ao
    • Wade–Giles: ao¹
    • Yale: āu
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: au
    • Palladius: ао (ao)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: wa⁴ / ye²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ua / ie
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ua²¹³/, /iɛ²¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: aau³ / nap¹
    • Yale: aau / nāp
    • Cantonese Pinyin: aau³ / nap⁷
    • Guangdong Romanization: ao³ / neb¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aːu̯³³/, /nɐp̚⁵/

Note: nap1 - semantic (訓讀).

• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: au¹
    • Sinological IPA: /au⁴⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: au
    • Tâi-lô: au
    • Phofsit Daibuun: aw
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /au⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /au³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nah
    • Tâi-lô: nah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: naq
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /nãʔ⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /nãʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lap
    • Tâi-lô: lap
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lab
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /lap̚³²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lap̚⁵/

Note:

• au - literary;
• lap - literary (俗);
• nah - vernacular (俗).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: ao¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: au
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /au³³/

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• Middle Chinese: 'eap

Rime
Character	凹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	洽 (152)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	烏洽切
Baxter	'eap
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔˠɛp̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔᵚæp̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔɐp̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔəɨp̚/
Li Rong	/ʔɐp̚/
Wang Li	/ɐp̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔăp̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ya
Expected Cantonese Reflex	aap3

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*qriːw/, /*qriːb/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	凹	凹
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	36	37
Phonetic component	凹	凹
Rime group	幽	緝
Rime subdivision	3	3
Corresponding MC rime	䫜	𨂁
Old Chinese	/*qriːw/	/*qriːb/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 凹

1. concave; hollow

Antonyms

• 凸 (tū, “convex”)

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wā (wa¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄚ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): waa¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wā
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wa
    • Wade–Giles: wa¹
    • Yale: wā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ua
    • Palladius: ва (va)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wä⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: waa¹
    • Yale: wā
    • Cantonese Pinyin: waa¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: wa¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː⁵⁵/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 凹

1. (dialect) Same as 洼 (wā).

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

凹

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: よう (yō)^{←えふ (efu, historical)}
• Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)^{←あふ (afu, historical)}
• Kun: くぼ (kubo, 凹); くぼい (kuboi, 凹い); くぼか (kuboka, 凹か); くぼむ (kubomu, 凹む); くぼみ (kubomi, 凹み); くぼみ (kubomi); くぼめる (kubomeru, 凹める); くぼまる (kubomaru, 凹まる); くぼます (kubomasu, 凹ます); くぼませる (kubomaseru, 凹ませる); くぼやか (kuboyaka, 凹やか); なかくぼ (nakakubo); へこむ (hekomu, 凹む); へこみ (hekomi, 凹み); へこみ (hekomi, 凹); ぼこ (boko, 凹)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
凹
おう Grade: S
on'yomi

/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/

From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.

Affix

凹(おう) • (ō) ^{←あふ (afu)?}

1. concave

Usage notes

The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.

Compounds

Compounds using 凹 (ō)

• 凹(おう)角(かく) (ōkaku): a reflex angle
• 凹(おう)型(がた) (ōgata): a die or other three-dimensional shape having a concave cross-section
• 凹(おう)形(けい) (ōkei): a concave shape
• 凹(おう)状(じょう) (ōjō): concavity
• 凹(おう)多(た)角(かく)形(けい) (ō takakukei): a polygon with at least one internal reflex angle
• 凹(おう)地(ち) (ōchi): an area where the ground is noticeable lower than the surrounding area
• 凹(おう)凸(とつ) (ōtotsu): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
• 凹(おう)凸(とつ)画(が) (ōtotsu ga): a style of Sui-Dynasty wall painting using trompe l'œil techniques to look three-dimensional
• 凹(おう)凸(とつ)レンズ (ōtotsu renzu): a concavo-convex lens
• 凹(おう)版(はん) (ōhan): an intaglio
• 凹(おう)版(はん)印(いん)刷(さつ) (ōhan insatsu): intaglio printing
• 凹(おう)面(めん) (ōmen): a concave surface
• 凹(おう)面(めん)鏡(きょう) (ōmenkyō): a concave mirror

• 準(じゅん)凹(おう) (jun'ō): quasiconcavity
• 凸(とつ)凹(おう) (totsuō, “totsuō”): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs
• 凸(とつ)凹(おう)瘢(はん)痕(こん) (totsuō hankon): an uneven scar
• 凸(とつ)凹(おう)レンズ (totsuō renzu): a convexo-concave lens

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as 雲 (kumo, “cloud”), 蜘蛛 (kumo, “spider”), 隈 (kuma, “a recess, a deep interior corner”), 黒 (kuro, “black”), 暗 (kura, “darkness”); more at 黒. Alternately, these broad similarities might be pure coincidence.

Alternative forms

• 窪(くぼ)

Noun

凹(くぼ) • (kubo) 

1. an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
2. (slang) female genitalia, the vagina

Derived terms

Terms derived from 凹 (kubo)

• 窪(くぼ)い, 凹(くぼ)い (kuboi): hollowed out, indented; of low status, mean
• 窪(くぼ)か, 凹(くぼ)か (kuboka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
• 窪(くぼ)む, 凹(くぼ)む (kubomu): to become hollowed out or indented; to hollow out or indent something; to sink inwardly, to collapse inwardly; to fall upon hard times, to become poor
• 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み, 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi): see below
• 窪(くぼ)まる, 凹(くぼ)まる (kubomaru): to become hollowed out or indented; to squat for a while, to sink into a crouch
• 窪(くぼ)める, 凹(くぼ)める (kubomeru): to make something sink or collapse inwardly; to dent something; to make something into a hollowed out shape
• 窪(くぼ)やか, 凹(くぼ)やか (kuboyaka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low
• 窪(くぼ)窪(くぼ), 凹(くぼ)凹(くぼ) (kubokubo): in a hollowed out or indented way
• 窪(くぼ)地(ち), 凹(くぼ)地(ち) (kubochi): a hollow, a dip, a depression or low spot in the ground
• 窪(くぼ)田(た), 凹(くぼ)田(た) (kubota): a paddy or wet field in a low place
• 窪(くぼ)目(め), 窪(くぼ)眼(め), 凹(くぼ)目(め), 凹(くぼ)眼(め) (kubome): deep-set eyes, sunken eyes
• 窪(くぼ)溜(たまり), 凹(くぼ)溜(たまり) (kubotamari): a low place where water tends to gather

• 笑(え)窪(くぼ), 靨(えくぼ) (ekubo): a dimple, particularly one from smiling
• 大(おお)窪(くぼ), 大(おお)久保(くぼ) (Ōkubo): a surname
• 落(おち)窪(くぼ), 落(お)ち窪(くぼ) (ochikubo): a dip in the floor or ground
• 手(て)窪(くぼ), 手(て)凹(くぼ) (tekubo); 手(て)の窪(くぼ), 手(て)の凹(くぼ) (te no kubo): a cupped hand; a rice ball; eating rice by hand; a one-night stand, a fling or short-term romance
• 中(なか)窪(くぼ), 凹(なかくぼ) (nakakubo): see below
• 盆(ぼん)の窪(くぼ) (bon no kubo): the hollow of the nape of the neck; a hairstyle for infants in the Edo period, shaving the whole head except for a small area on the nape of the neck
• 目(め)窪(くぼ), 目(め)凹(くぼ) (mekubo): sunken eyes; a person with sunken or deep-set eyes

Synonyms

• (indentation): 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み, 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi)
• (female genitalia): 前門(ぜんもん) (zenmon), まんこ (manko)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
凹
くぼみ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (kubomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself a compound of 凹 (kubo, “an indentation, a dip”) +‎ む (mu, “to become like something”, auxiliary verb attaching to nouns or adjective stems, cognate with びる (biru) biru).

Alternative forms

• 窪(くぼ)み, 窪(くぼみ), 凹(くぼ)み

Noun

凹(くぼみ) • (kubomi) 

1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent

Derived terms

Terms derived from 凹 (kubomi)

• 凹(くぼみ)石(いし) (kubomi ishi), 窪(くぼみ)石(いし) (kubomi ishi): an artifact from the Jōmon period, consisting of a flat stone with one to several indentations, of uncertain utility but thought to be used to help start fires

Usage notes

The 凹(くぼ)み or 窪(くぼ)み spelling with the okurigana み is more common when used as a standalone term. The spelling without the okurigana is more common in compounds.

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
凹
なかくぼ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Compound of 中 (naka, “inside, inner”) +‎ 窪 (kubo, “pit, indentation”).

Alternative forms

• 中(なか)窪(くぼ)

Noun

凹(なかくぼ) • (nakakubo) 

1. a sunken center
2. a place or object with a sunken center

Usage notes

The 中(なか)窪(くぼ) spelling is more common.

Synonyms

• 中(なか)低(びく) (nakabiku)

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term
凹
へこみ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Noun stem of verb 凹む (hekomu, “to become hollow, to become sunken, to become indented”), itself an abbreviated compound of 減り (heri, noun stem of verb 減る (heru, “to reduce, to decrease, to diminish”)) +‎ 込む (komu, “to go inwardly”).

Alternative forms

• 凹(へこ)み (hekomi)

Noun

凹(へこみ) • (hekomi) 

1. a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
2. a mistake, and error
3. a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss

Usage notes

The 凹(へこ)み (hekomi) spelling is more common.

Synonyms

• (hollow): 窪(くぼ)み (kubomi), 窪(くぼみ) (kubomi), 凹(くぼ)み (kubomi), 凹(くぼみ) (kubomi) (also see above)
• (mistake): 失(しっ)策(さく) (shissaku)
• (mistake): 失(しっ)敗(ぱい) (shippai)
• (at a loss): 困(こん)惑(わく) (konwaku)

Etymology 6

Kanji in this term
凹
ぼこ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).

Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb 掘る (horu, “to dig, to dig out”)) +‎ こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element seen in other words such as そこ (soko, “there”) or 端っこ (hashikko, “edge, end, tip”)). Compare 凸 (deko, “protrusion”), likely a compound of 出 (de, “coming out”) + こ (ko, “place”, suffixing element).

Noun

凹(ぼこ) • (boko) 

1. an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface

Derived terms

Terms derived from 凹 (boko)

• ぼこぼこ (bokoboko): unevenly, bumpily, pitted, dented (in multiple places), full of holes; hollowly

• 穴(あな)ぼこ (anaboko): a hole, a rut, a pothole
• 凸(でこ)凹(ぼこ) (dekoboko): unevenness, bumpiness, jaggedness; inequality, disparity

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Korean

Hanja

凹 • (yo)

• Eumhun:
  • Sound (hangeul): 요 (revised: yo, McCune–Reischauer: yo)
  • Name (hangeul): 오목할
    

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

凹: Hán Nôm readings: ao

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.