如何
Chinese
as (if); such as | what | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (如何) | 如 | 何 | |
simp. #(如何) | 如 | 何 | |
anagram | 何如 | ||
Literally: “like what?”. |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ ㄏㄜˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rúhé
- Wade–Giles: ju2-ho2
- Yale: rú-hé
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruher
- Palladius: жухэ (žuxɛ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu³⁵ xɤ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: jyu4 ho4
- Yale: yùh hòh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4 ho4
- Guangdong Romanization: yu4 ho4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²¹ hɔː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ hoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2 ho2
- Sinological IPA: /i¹¹ ho¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì-hò
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ hoˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2 ho2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹ ho¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô
- Tâi-lô: lû-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hooi
- IPA (Taipei): /lu²⁴⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴⁻²² ho²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû-hô͘
- Tâi-lô: lû-hôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: lu'hoo
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lu²⁴⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû-hô
- Tâi-lô: jû-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: ju'hooi
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zu¹³⁻²² ho¹³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî-hô
- Tâi-lô: jî-hô
- Phofsit Daibuun: ji'hooi
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zi²³⁻³³ hɤ²³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ru5 ho5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû hô
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zu⁵⁵⁻¹¹ ho⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei)
Adverb
(deprecated template usage) 如何 (formal)
- how; what; in what way
- how about; what about
Synonyms
Derived terms
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Further reading
- “Entry #50014”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
Japanese
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
Grade: S | Grade: 2 |
irregular |
From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese. Possibly from older form だう (dau), much like the shift from かう (kau) → こう (kō, “like this, this way”), or さう (sau) → そう (sō, “like that, that way”).
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), using the corresponding Chinese term for the spelling and the underlying Japanese root word for the reading.
Pronunciation
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Adverb
- in what manner, how
- どうやったの?
- Dō yatta no?
- How did you do it?
- どうやってもできない
- dō yatte mo dekinai
- can't do it no matter what
- どうだ!
- Dō da!
- How is it, huh? (smug/triumphant)
- どうだろう。
- Dō darō.
- I wonder.
- 計画がどうなっているのか知らない。
- Keikaku ga dō natteiru no ka shiranai.
- I don't know how the project is going.
- どうやったの?
- what about... (used to make a suggestion)
- お茶、どう?
- Ocha, dō?
- How about some tea?
- あなたはどうですか?
- Anata wa dō desu ka?
- How about you? / What about you?
- お茶、どう?
Usage notes
The term dō is generally considered more prosaic and informal than the synonym いかが (ikaga).
More commonly spelled in hiragana as どう. The kanji spelling is rare.
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
Grade: S | か Grade: 2 |
irregular |
From Old Japanese. Appears to be a compound of い (ka, uncertain element, might be the い prefix found in Old Japanese as an intensifier).
The kanji spelling is an example of jukujikun (熟字訓), using the corresponding Chinese term for the spelling and the underlying Japanese root word for the reading.
Pronunciation
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Adjective
如何 • (ika) -na (adnominal 如何な (ika na), adverbial 如何に (ika ni))
Usage notes
Some dictionaries[1] class this as a bound morpheme. In practice, it generally conjugates and behaves as a regular -na adjective. In formal writing, this is more commonly encountered using the classical attributive form 如何なる (ikanaru).
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 如何だろ | いかだろ | ika daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
Terminal (終止形) | 如何だ | いかだ | ika da |
Attributive (連体形) | 如何な | いかな | ika na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 如何なら | いかなら | ika nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 如何であれ | いかであれ | ika de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 如何ではない 如何じゃない |
いかではない いかじゃない |
ika de wa nai ika ja nai |
Informal past | 如何だった | いかだった | ika datta |
Informal negative past | 如何ではなかった 如何じゃなかった |
いかではなかった いかじゃなかった |
ika de wa nakatta ika ja nakatta |
Formal | 如何です | いかです | ika desu |
Formal negative | 如何ではありません 如何じゃありません |
いかではありません いかじゃありません |
ika de wa arimasen ika ja arimasen |
Formal past | 如何でした | いかでした | ika deshita |
Formal negative past | 如何ではありませんでした 如何じゃありませんでした |
いかではありませんでした いかじゃありませんでした |
ika de wa arimasen deshita ika ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 如何で | いかで | ika de |
Conditional | 如何なら(ば) | いかなら(ば) | ika nara (ba) |
Provisional | 如何だったら | いかだったら | ika dattara |
Volitional | 如何だろう | いかだろう | ika darō |
Adverbial | 如何に | いかに | ika ni |
Degree | 如何さ | いかさ | ikasa |
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
Grade: S | か(が) Grade: 2 |
irregular |
/ika ni ka/ → */ikanka/ → /ikanɡa/ → /ikaɡa/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) + に (ni, adverbial particle) + か (ka, question marker particle).[1][2]
Pronunciation
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Adverb
- in what manner, how
- what about... (used to make a suggestion)
- お茶はいかがでしょうか。
- Ocha wa ikaga deshō ka.
- How about some tea?
- お茶はいかがでしょうか。
Usage notes
The term ikaga is generally considered more formal and polite than the synonym どう (dō).
More commonly spelled in hiragana as いかが. The kanji spelling is rare.
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
如 | 何 |
Grade: S | か(ん) Grade: 2 |
irregular |
/ika ni/ → /ikan/
Originally a phrase consisting of 如何 (ika, “what kind”) + に (ni, adverbial particle),[1][2] the normal adverbial form of adjective ika above.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- the whatevers, the whys and wherefores
- 理由の如何を問わず
- riyū no ikan o towazu
- without getting into the whys and wherefores of the reasons
- 理由の如何を問わず
Adverb
Usage notes
Generally used at the end of a sentence to express doubt.
Derived terms
- 如何が (ikanga): in what manner, how (superseded by modern ikaga; see above)
- 如何せん (ikansen): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately
- 如何ぞ (ikanzo): howsoever, however [it may be] (more intense than ikan on its own)
- 如何とも (ikantomo): no matter what (in a negative connotation), unfortunately
See also
ko- “this” (close to speaker) |
so- “that” (close to listener) |
a- “that over there” (far from both) |
do- “which” (indeterminate, question) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Object | これ (kore) | それ (sore) | あれ (are) | どれ (dore) |
これら (korera) | それら (sorera) | あれら (arera) | — | |
Determiner | この (kono) | その (sono) | あの (ano) | どの (dono) |
これらの (korera no) | それらの (sorera no) | あれらの (arera no) | — | |
Kind | こんな (konna) | そんな (sonna) | あんな (anna) | どんな (donna) |
こういう (kō iu) | そういう (sō iu) | ああいう (ā iu) | どういう (dō iu) | |
Place | ここ (koko) | そこ (soko) | あそこ (asoko)* | どこ (doko) |
こっから (kokkara) | そっから (sokkara) | — | どっから (dokkara) | |
Direction / Human | こちら (kochira) | そちら (sochira) | あちら (achira) | どちら (dochira) |
こなた (konata) | そなた (sonata) | あなた (anata) | どなた (donata) | |
Direction | こっち (kotchi) | そっち (sotchi) | あっち (atchi) | どっち (dotchi) |
Human | こいつ (koitsu) | そいつ (soitsu) | あいつ (aitsu) | どいつ (doitsu) |
Manner | こう (kō) | そう (sō) | ああ (ā)** | どう (dō) |
Degree | これくらい (kore kurai) | それくらい (sore kurai) | あれくらい (are kurai) | どれくらい (dore kurai) |
これだけ (kore dake) | それだけ (sore dake) | あれだけ (are dake) | どれだけ (dore dake) | |
これほど (kore hodo) | それほど (sore hodo) | あれほど (are hodo) | どれほど (dore hodo) | |
* irregular ** regular (long vowel) |
References
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Chinese adverbs
- Mandarin adverbs
- Cantonese adverbs
- Hakka adverbs
- Hokkien adverbs
- Teochew adverbs
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese formal terms
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese terms spelled with 如
- Japanese terms spelled with 何
- Japanese terms read with irregular kanji readings
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms spelled with jukujikun
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese adverbs
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with secondary school kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with two Han script characters
- Japanese terms with usage examples
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese compound terms
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese interrogative adverbs