客

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

客 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十竹水口 (JHER), four-corner 3060₄, composition ⿱宀各)

Derived characters

• 額 (额)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 284, character 12
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7128
• Dae Jaweon: page 561, character 16
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 927, character 13
• Unihan data for U+5BA2

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		客

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 客
Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
髂	*kʰraːɡs
路	*ɡ·raːɡs
輅	*ɡ·raːɡs
賂	*ɡ·raːɡs
虂	*ɡ·raːɡs
露	*ɡ·raːɡs
潞	*raːɡs
鷺	*raːɡs
璐	*raːɡs
簬	*raːɡs
簵	*ɡ·raːɡs
洛	*ɡ·raːɡ
駱	*ɡ·raːɡ
絡	*ɡ·raːɡ
酪	*ɡ·raːɡ
烙	*ɡ·raːɡ
雒	*ɡ·raːɡ
珞	*ɡ·raːɡ
硌	*ɡ·raːɡ
袼	*ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿	*ɡ·raːɡ
鉻	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥	*ɡ·raːɡ
鵅	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌	*ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落	*ɡ·raːɡ
各	*klaːɡ
胳	*klaːɡ
閣	*klaːɡ
格	*klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱	*klaːɡ
恪	*kʰlaːɡ
愙	*kʰaːɡ
貉	*ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢	*ɡlaːɡ
佫	*ɡlaːɡ
略	*ɡ·raɡ
茖	*kraːɡ
骼	*kraːɡ
觡	*kraːɡ
蛒	*kraːɡ
敋	*kraːɡ
客	*kʰraːɡ
喀	*kʰraːɡ
揢	*kʰraːɡ
額	*ŋɡraːɡ
峉	*ŋɡraːɡ
頟	*ŋɡraːɡ
詻	*ŋɡraːɡ
垎	*ɡraːɡ
楁	*ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kʰraːɡ) : semantic 宀 (“roof”) + phonetic 各 (OC *klaːɡ) – a guest.

Etymology

Probably belongs to the word family of 格 (OC *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ, “to go, to come”). Schuessler (2007) cites Tibetan དགྲ (dgra, “enemy”) as a possible cognate. Starostin compares this with Turkish karak (“robber”) and reconstructs Proto-Altaic *kàra.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): kè (ke⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄜˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ke²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ки (ki, I)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): haak³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): hak¹

• Gan (Wiktionary): kah⁶
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): hak / khiet

  (Meixian, Guangdong): hag⁵ / kêd⁵

• Jin (Wiktionary): kah⁴
• Northern Min (KCR): kă
• Eastern Min (BUC): káh / káik
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kheh / kheeh / khek / khiak

  (Teochew, Peng'im): kêh⁴

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁷khaq
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ke⁶

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kè
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄜˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: kè
    • Wade–Giles: kʻo⁴
    • Yale: kè
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: keh
    • Palladius: кэ (kɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: ke²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ke
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɛ²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ки (ki, I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰi²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haak³
    • Yale: haak
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haak⁸
    • Guangdong Romanization: hag³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːk̚³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: hak¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hak̚³³/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kah⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰaʔ⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hak / khiet
    • Hakka Romanization System: hag` / kied`
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hag⁵ / kiad⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /hak̚²/, /kʰi̯et̚²/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: hag⁵ / kêd⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /hak̚¹/, /kʰɛt̚¹/

Note:

• hak/hag5 - vernacular;
• khiet/kêd5 - literary.

• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: kah⁴
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxaʔ²/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: kă
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰa²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: káh / káik
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɑʔ²⁴/, /kʰaiʔ²⁴/

Note:

• káh - vernacular;
• káik - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheh
    • Tâi-lô: kheh
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qeq
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰeʔ⁵/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰeʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kheeh
    • Tâi-lô: kheeh
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰɛʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khek
    • Tâi-lô: khik
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qeg
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰiɪk̚³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiak
    • Tâi-lô: khiak
    • Phofsit Daibuun: qiag
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiak̚⁵/

Note:

• kheh/kheeh - vernacular;
• khek/khiak - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: kêh⁴
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kheh
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰeʔ²/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁷khaq
    • MiniDict: khah^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁴khaq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰaʔ⁵⁵/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: ke⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɤ̞²⁴/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 客
Mandarin	Beijing	/kʰɤ⁵¹/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕʰiɛ²¹³/ /kʰɤ⁵³/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕʰie¹³/ /kʰɤ⁵³/
	Jinan	/kə²¹/ /kʰei²¹³/
	Qingdao	/kʰə⁵⁵/ /kʰe⁵⁵/
	Zhengzhou	/kʰɤ²⁴/
	Xi'an	/kʰei²¹/
	Xining	/kʰɨ⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/kʰa¹³/ /kʰə¹³/
	Lanzhou	/kʰə¹³/
	Ürümqi	/kʰɤ²¹³/ /kʰei⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/kʰɤ²¹³/
	Chengdu	/kʰe³¹/
	Guiyang	/kʰɛ²¹/
	Kunming	/kʰə³¹/
	Nanjing	/kʰəʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/kʰɐʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/kʰaʔ²/
	Pingyao	/kʰʌʔ¹³/ /t͡ɕʰiʌʔ¹³/
	Hohhot	/kʰaʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/kʰaʔ⁵/
	Suzhou	/kʰɑʔ⁵/
	Hangzhou	/kʰɑʔ⁵/
	Wenzhou	/kʰa²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/kʰɛʔ²¹/
	Tunxi	/kʰa⁵/
Xiang	Changsha	/kʰə²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/kʰæ²⁴/
Gan	Nanchang	/kʰɑʔ⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/hak̚¹/
	Taoyuan	/hɑk̚²²/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hak̚³/
	Nanning	/hak̚³³/
	Hong Kong	/hak̚³/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kʰik̚³²/ /kʰeʔ³²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kʰɑʔ²³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kʰa²⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kʰeʔ²/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/xɛ⁵⁵/

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• Middle Chinese: khaek

Rime
Character	客
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	陌 (113)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	苦格切
Baxter	khaek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰˠæk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰᵚak̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰak̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰaɨjk̚/
Li Rong	/kʰɐk̚/
Wang Li	/kʰɐk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰɐk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ke
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hak1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kʰˤrak/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kʰraːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	客
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kè
Middle Chinese	‹ khæk ›
Old Chinese	/*kʰˁrak/
English	guest
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	客
Reading #	1/1
No.	3903
Phonetic component	各
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	客
Old Chinese	/*kʰraːɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 客

1. guest; visitor
2. customer; client; consumer (Classifier: 個／个 c; 位 c)

   • 今日鋪頭有個客好麻煩啊。 [Cantonese, trad.]
     今日铺头有个客好麻烦啊。 [Cantonese, simp.]

     gam¹ jat⁶ pou³ tau^4-2 jau⁵ go³ haak³ hou² maa⁴ faan⁴ aa³. [Jyutping]

     There was a really annoying customer at the store today.

3. to treat with guest etiquette; to receive friendly
4. minor; less major; less important
5. Agent suffix, indicating “one that engages in ...”.
6. one who sponges on a wealthy family; hanger-on; sponger
7. traveller; passenger; one who lives away from home
8. to live away from home; to live abroad
9. (in general) people; person
10. objective; beyond human consciousness
11. Short for 客家 (kèjiā, “Hakka”).
    • 客話／客话 [Sixian Hakka]  ―  Hak-fa [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]  ―  Hakka language
12. Classifier for units of food sold.

    • 程凌要了兩客西瓜 [MSC, trad.]
      程凌要了两客西瓜 [MSC, simp.]

      From: 棋王

      Chéng Líng yào le liǎng kè xīguā [Pinyin]

      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

13. a surname

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (客):

• → Japanese: 客(きゃく) (kyaku)
• → Korean: 객(客) (gaek)
• → Vietnamese: khách (客)

Others:

(deprecated template usage)

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Japanese

Kanji

客

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• Go-on: きゃく (kyaku, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: かく (kaku, Jōyō)
• Kun: まろうど (marōdo, 客)^{←まらうど (maraudo, 客, historical)}

Noun

客(きゃく) • (kyaku) 

1. guest; visitor
2. customer; client
3. patron

Usage notes

This is used as part of a form of address for a customer, like sir or ma'am. Because a customer is in a much higher social position, this word is used with the honorific prefix 御(お) (o-) and the honorific suffix さん (-san) or more often 様(さま) (-sama), rendering お客(きゃく)さん (okyaku-san) or お客(きゃく)様(さま) (okyaku-sama).

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Korean

Hanja in this term
客

Hanja

客 • (gaek)

• Eumhun:
  • Sound (hangeul): 객
  • Name (hangeul): 손
    

1. Hanja form^? of 객 (“guest”).

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 客 (khách)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.