恆

See also: 恒

恆 U+6046, 恆 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6046 ← 恅 [U+6045] CJK Unified Ideographs 恇 → [U+6047]

Translingual

Han character

恆 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 心一月一 (PMBM), four-corner 9101₇, composition ⿰忄亙)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 383, character 25
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10528
• Dae Jaweon: page 714, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2294, character 16
• Unihan data for U+6046

Chinese

trad.		恆/恒
simp.		恒
alternative forms		𢛢 𠄨 㔰

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (亙) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
搄	*kɯːŋ, *kɯːŋs
縆	*kɯːŋ, *kɯːŋs
絙	*ɡoːn, *kɯːŋ
亙	*kɯːŋs
堩	*kɯːŋs
恆	*ɡɯːŋ
峘	*ɡoːn, *ɡɯːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡɯːŋ) : semantic 心 (“heart”) + phonetic 亙 (OC *kɯːŋs, “partial moon”).

May have originally been written 亙.

In Small Seal Script, the 月 in 亙 was written 舟.

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gèng (geng⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄥˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gèng
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄥˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gèng
    • Wade–Giles: kêng⁴
    • Yale: gèng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: genq
    • Palladius: гэн (gɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɤŋ⁵¹/

Definitions

恆

1. ^† (of the moon) to wax

   • 如月之恆，如日之升。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     如月之恒，如日之升。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Rú yuè zhī héng, rú rì zhī shēng. [Pinyin]

     Like the moon advancing to the full,
     Like the sun ascending the heavens

2. ^† to extend everywhere

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): héng (heng²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄏㄥˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): hang⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hèn
• Northern Min (KCR): ǎing
• Eastern Min (BUC): hèng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): ân / hêng / hn̂g

  (Teochew, Peng'im): hêng⁵ / huêng⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: héng
    • Zhuyin: ㄏㄥˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: héng
    • Wade–Giles: hêng²
    • Yale: héng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: herng
    • Palladius: хэн (xɛn)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /xɤŋ³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: hang⁴
    • Yale: hàhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: hang⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: heng⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐŋ²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hèn
    • Hakka Romanization System: hen^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: hen²
    • Sinological IPA: /hen¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ǎing
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /aiŋ²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: hèng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɛiŋ⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ân
    • Tâi-lô: ân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: aan
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /an²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hêng
    • Tâi-lô: hîng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: heeng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /hiɪŋ²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hiɪŋ¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /hiɪŋ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hn̂g
    • Tâi-lô: hn̂g
    • Phofsit Daibuun: hngg
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /hŋ̍²⁴/

Note:

• ân - vernacular;
• hêng/hn̂g - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: hêng⁵ / huêng⁵
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hêng / huêng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /heŋ⁵⁵/, /hueŋ⁵⁵/

Note: huêng5 - Chaoyang.

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 恆
Mandarin	Beijing	/xəŋ³⁵/
	Harbin	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Tianjin	/xəŋ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/xəŋ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Zhengzhou	/xəŋ⁴²/
	Xi'an	/xəŋ²⁴/
	Xining	/xə̃²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/xəŋ⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/xə̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/xɤŋ⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/xən²¹³/
	Chengdu	/xən³¹/
	Guiyang	/xen²¹/
	Kunming	/xə̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/xən²⁴/
	Hefei	/xən⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/xəŋ¹¹/
	Pingyao	/xəŋ¹³/
	Hohhot	/xə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦəŋ²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦən¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦen²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦaŋ³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/xʌ̃⁴⁴/
	Tunxi
Xiang	Changsha	/xən¹³/
	Xiangtan	/ɦən¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/hɛn²⁴/
Hakka	Meixian	/hen¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/hen¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/hɐŋ²¹/
	Nanning	/hɐŋ²¹/
	Hong Kong	/hɐŋ²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/hiŋ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɛiŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/aiŋ²¹/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/heŋ⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/hɔŋ³¹/ /aŋ³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: hong

Rime
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	登 (129)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	胡登切
Baxter	hong
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦəŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦəŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣəŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəŋ/
Li Rong	/ɣəŋ/
Wang Li	/ɣəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣəŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	héng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hang4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤəŋ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	héng
Middle Chinese	‹ hong ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁəŋ/
English	constant
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	恆
Reading #	1/1
No.	5126
Phonetic component	亙
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	恒
Old Chinese	/*ɡɯːŋ/

Definitions

恆

1. lasting; constant

   恆溫／恒温  ―  héngwēn  ―  constant temperature

   • 無恆產而有恆心者，惟士為能。若民，則無恆產，因無恆心。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     无恒产而有恒心者，惟士为能。若民，则无恒产，因无恒心。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Wú héng chǎn ér yǒu héngxīn zhě, wéi shì wéi néng. Ruò mín, zé wú héng chǎn, yīn wú héngxīn. [Pinyin]

     They are only men of education, who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people, if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.

2. ordinary

   • 甘茂，賢人，非恆士也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     甘茂，贤人，非恒士也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhanguo Ce, circa 5^th – 3^rd centuries BCE

     Gān Mào, xiánrén, fēi héng shì yě. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • 夫可規以利而可諫以言者，皆愚陋恆民之謂耳。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     夫可规以利而可谏以言者，皆愚陋恒民之谓耳。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Zhuangzi, circa 3^rd – 2^nd centuries BCE

     Fū kě guī yǐ lì ér kě jiàn yǐ yán zhě, jiē yúlòu héngmín zhī wèi ěr. [Pinyin]

     Those who can be persuaded by considerations of gain, and to whom remonstrances may be addressed with success, are all ignorant, low, and ordinary people.

3. perseverance

   持之以恆／持之以恒  ―  chízhīyǐhéng  ―  to persevere

   • 人而無恆，不可以作巫醫。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     人而无恒，不可以作巫医。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Rén ér wú héng, bù kěyǐ zuò wūyī. [Pinyin]

     A man without constancy cannot be either a wizard or a doctor.

4. (literary) often; frequently

   • 性嗜酒，而家貧不能恆得。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     性嗜酒，而家贫不能恒得。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 4th–5th century, Tao Yuanming, 五柳先生傳

     Xìng shì jiǔ, ér jiā pín bùnéng héng dé. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

5. 32nd hexagram of the I Ching; “endurance” (䷟)

Compounds

• 伯利恆／伯利恒 (Bólìhéng)
• 恆久／恒久 (héngjiǔ)
• 恆久不渝／恒久不渝
• 恆例／恒例 (hénglì)
• 恆士／恒士
• 恆定／恒定 (héngdìng)
• 恆山／恒山 (Héng Shān)
• 恆常／恒常 (héngcháng)
• 恆心／恒心 (héngxīn)
• 恆情／恒情
• 恆星／恒星 (héngxīng)
• 恆春／恒春 (Héngchūn)
• 恆春半島／恒春半岛 (Héngchūn Bàndǎo)
• 恆星年／恒星年 (héngxīngnián)
• 恆星日／恒星日
• 恆星月／恒星月
• 恆星系／恒星系 (héngxīngxì)
• 恆星週期／恒星周期
• 恆春鎮／恒春镇
• 恆河／恒河 (Héng Hé)
• 恆河平原／恒河平原
• 恆河沙／恒河沙 (hénghéshā)
• 恆河沙數／恒河沙数 (hénghéshāshù)
• 恆溫／恒温 (héngwēn)
• 恆溫動物／恒温动物 (héngwēn dòngwù)
• 恆溫層／恒温层
• 恆產／恒产 (héngchǎn)
• 恆等式／恒等式 (héngděngshì)
• 恆若不足／恒若不足
• 恆言／恒言 (héngyán)
• 恆言錄／恒言录
• 恆量／恒量
• 恆風／恒风
• 恆齒／恒齿 (héngchǐ)
• 持之以恆／持之以恒 (chízhīyǐhéng)
• 日升月恆 (rìshēngyuèhéng)
• 日月升恆 (rìyuèshēnghéng)
• 有恆／有恒 (yǒuhéng)
• 永恆／永恒 (yǒnghéng)
• 無恆／无恒
• 逾恆／逾恒
• 酣歌恆舞／酣歌恒舞
• 醒世恆言／醒世恒言 (Xǐngshì Héngyán)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (恆):

• → Vietnamese: hằng (恆)

Japanese

Shinjitai	恒
Kyūjitai	恆

Kanji

恆

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 恒)

1. always, constant

Readings

• Go-on: ごう (gō)
• Kan-on: こう (kō)
• Kun: つね (tsune, 恆)
• Nanori: わたる (wataru)、のぶ (nobu)、ひさ (hisa)、ひさし (hisashi)

Korean

Hanja

恆 • (hang) (hangeul 항, revised hang, McCune–Reischauer hang, Yale hang)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

恆: Hán Nôm readings: hằng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.