kala
Albanian
Etymology
Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish قلعه (kale), from Persian قلعه (qal'e), from Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa).
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Tosk" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /kala/
Noun
kala f (plural kala, definite kalaja, definite plural kalajat)
Atong (India)
Pronunciation
Noun
kala (Bengali script কালা)
References
- van Breugel, Seino. 2015. Atong-English dictionary, second edition. Available online: https://www.academia.edu/487044/Atong_English_Dictionary.
Balinese
Romanization
kala
Chamicuro
Noun
kala
Adverb
kala
Cornish
Noun
kala
- straw (collective)
Estonian
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *kala.
Noun
kala (genitive kala, partitive kala)
Declension
Declension of kala (ÕS type 17u/sõna, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kala | kalad | |
accusative | nom. | ||
gen. | kala | ||
genitive | kalade | ||
partitive | kala | kalu kalasid | |
illative | kalla kalasse |
kaladesse kalusse | |
inessive | kalas | kalades kalus | |
elative | kalast | kaladest kalust | |
allative | kalale | kaladele kalule | |
adessive | kalal | kaladel kalul | |
ablative | kalalt | kaladelt kalult | |
translative | kalaks | kaladeks kaluks | |
terminative | kalani | kaladeni | |
essive | kalana | kaladena | |
abessive | kalata | kaladeta | |
comitative | kalaga | kaladega |
Derived terms
Finnish
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Northern Sami guolli, Ter Sami kɨllˈe, and Hungarian hal.
Pronunciation
Noun
kala
- fish
- Hauki on kala.
- A pike is a fish.
- Syön usein kalaa.
- I often eat fish.
- Tässä järvessä on paljon kalaa.
- There's lots of fish in this lake.
- (idiomatic, in locational cases and expressions) fishing (as a personal activity, used with the verbs olla (“to be”) and mennä (“to go”), lähteä (“to leave”), and käydä (“to go and come back”))
- olla kalassa ― to be fishing
- käydä kalassa ― to go fishing (and come back)
- mennä kalaan ― to go fishing
- lähteä kalaan ― to (leave and) go fishing
- lähteä kalalle ― to (leave and) go fishing
- Käytkö usein kalassa?
- Do you often go fishing?
- (in compounds) seafood
- Mennään kalaravintolaan.
- Let's go to a seafood restaurant.
Declension
Inflection of kala (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kala | kalat | |
genitive | kalan | kalojen | |
partitive | kalaa | kaloja | |
illative | kalaan | kaloihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kala | kalat | |
accusative | nom. | kala | kalat |
gen. | kalan | ||
genitive | kalan | kalojen kalain rare | |
partitive | kalaa | kaloja | |
inessive | kalassa | kaloissa | |
elative | kalasta | kaloista | |
illative | kalaan | kaloihin | |
adessive | kalalla | kaloilla | |
ablative | kalalta | kaloilta | |
allative | kalalle | kaloille | |
essive | kalana | kaloina | |
translative | kalaksi | kaloiksi | |
abessive | kalatta | kaloitta | |
instructive | — | kaloin | |
comitative | See the possessive forms below. |
Derived terms
Compounds
- ahvenkala
- airokala
- akvaariokala
- alkukala
- ankeriaskala
- arvokala
- Etelän kala
- haikala
- hiilikala
- hiilloskala
- huulikala
- imukala
- jokikala
- joulukala
- järvikala
- kala-allas
- kala-allergia
- kala-allergikko
- kala-apaja
- kalaboomi
- kalafilee
- kalahaarukka
- kalahaavi
- kalahalli
- kalahampurilainen
- kalaharava
- kalahauta
- kalahissi
- kalahuuhkaja
- kalahyppy
- kalahyytelö
- kalailma
- kalajalostamo
- kalajaloste
- kalajauho
- kalajuttu
- kalakanta
- kalakastike
- kalakauppa
- kalakauppias
- kalakaveri
- kalakeitto
- kalakirves
- kalakoukku
- kalakouru
- kalakukko
- kalakuolema
- kalalaatikko
- kalalaji
- kalalammikko
- kalalanka
- kalalauta
- kalaliemi
- kalaliima
- kalalisko
- kalalokki
- kalamaja
- kalamauste
- kalamies
- kalamuhennos
- kalamureke
- kalanhaudonta
- kalanistutus
- kalanjalostus
- kalankasvattamo
- kalankasvatus
- kalanliha
- kalanluu
- kalanmaksaöljy
- kalanmäti
- kalanperkaus
- kalanperkeet
- kalanpoikanen
- kalanpyrstö
- kalanpyydys
- kalanpyynti
- kalanpää
- kalanrakko
- kalanrasva
- kalanrehu
- kalanruoka
- kalanruoto
- kalanruotokangas
- kalanruotokuvio
- kalansaalis
- kalansavustamo
- kalansilmä
- kalansuomu
- kalansuomutauti
- kalanviljelijä
- kalanviljely
- kalaonni
- kalapaikka
- kalapakaste
- kalaparvi
- kalaperunat
- kalapihvi
- kalapiirakka
- kalaporras
- kalapuikko
- kalapulla
- kalapyörykkä
- kalapöllö
- kalarauta
- kalaravintola
- kalarehu
- kalaretki
- kalarikas
- kalaruoka
- kalasaalis
- kalasakset
- kalasalaatti
- kalasatama
- kalasoppa
- kalasumppu
- kalasyötti
- kalasäilyke
- kalasääksi
- kalasääski
- kalatalous
- kalatie
- kalatiira
- kalatiski
- kalatori
- kalatuote
- kalatäi
- kalavale
- kalavalmiste
- kalaveitsi
- kalavelka
- kalaverkko
- kalavesi
- kapakala
- kardinaalikala
- karppikala
- katkerokala
- keuhkokala
- kissakala
- kivikala
- kolkkakala
- kotkakala
- kraavikala
- kultakala
- kutukala
- kännikala
- lehtikala
- lentokala
- liekkikala
- liitokala
- lipeäkala
- livekala
- lohikala
- luukala
- maustekala
- miekkakala
- miljoonakala
- mustahuotrakala
- mustekala
- mätikala
- nahkiaiskala
- norsukala
- nousukala
- nuotiokala
- pakastekala
- pallokala
- parvikala
- petokala
- pietarinkala
- pikkukala
- pohjakala
- purjekala
- pusukala
- pyyntikala
- rantakala
- rasvakala
- rehukala
- rihmakala
- roskakala
- ruokakala
- rustokala
- saaliskala
- sampikala
- sateenkaarikala
- savukala
- seeprakala
- sillikala
- sillikalat
- soppakala
- suolakala
- suomukala
- syvänmerenkala
- syöttikala
- säilykekala
- säppikala
- särkikala
- talouskala
- talvikala
- teuraskala
- tonnikala
- turskakala
- tuulenkala
- täkykala
- uunikala
- vaelluskala
- valaskala
- varsieväkala
- vaskikala
- velhokala
- viljelykala
- vilukala
- voikala
Fula
Etymology
Pronoun
kala
See also
References
- Oumar Bah, Dictionnaire Pular-Français, Avec un index français-pular, Webonary.org, SIL International, 2014.
Iban
Pronunciation
Adverb
kala
- Semelfactive or non-iterative aspect i. e. the action or situation has happened once or more but did not repeat itself
Icelandic
Etymology
Pronunciation
Verb
kala (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative kól, third-person plural past indicative kólu, supine kalið)
- (impersonal) to become frostbitten
- Mig kól á tám.
- My toes became frostbitten.
- Mig kól á tám.
Conjugation
infinitive (nafnháttur) |
að kala | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
supine (sagnbót) |
kalið | ||||
present participle (lýsingarháttur nútíðar) |
kalandi | ||||
indicative (framsöguháttur) |
subjunctive (viðtengingarháttur) | ||||
present (nútíð) |
ég kel | við kölum | present (nútíð) |
ég kali | við kölum |
þú kelur | þið kalið | þú kalir | þið kalið | ||
hann, hún, það kelur | þeir, þær, þau kala | hann, hún, það kali | þeir, þær, þau kali | ||
past (þátíð) |
ég kól | við kólum | past (þátíð) |
ég kæli | við kælum |
þú kólst | þið kóluð | þú kælir | þið kæluð | ||
hann, hún, það kól | þeir, þær, þau kólu | hann, hún, það kæli | þeir, þær, þau kælu | ||
imperative (boðháttur) |
kal (þú) | kalið (þið) | |||
Forms with appended personal pronoun | |||||
kaldu | kaliði * | ||||
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred. |
strong declension (sterk beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
nominative (nefnifall) |
kalinn | kalin | kalið | kalnir | kalnar | kalin | |
accusative (þolfall) |
kalinn | kalna | kalið | kalna | kalnar | kalin | |
dative (þágufall) |
kölnum | kalinni | kölnu | kölnum | kölnum | kölnum | |
genitive (eignarfall) |
kalins | kalinnar | kalins | kalinna | kalinna | kalinna | |
weak declension (veik beyging) |
singular (eintala) | plural (fleirtala) | |||||
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) |
masculine (karlkyn) |
feminine (kvenkyn) |
neuter (hvorugkyn) | ||
nominative (nefnifall) |
kalni | kalna | kalna | kölnu | kölnu | kölnu | |
accusative (þolfall) |
kalna | kölnu | kalna | kölnu | kölnu | kölnu | |
dative (þágufall) |
kalna | kölnu | kalna | kölnu | kölnu | kölnu | |
genitive (eignarfall) |
kalna | kölnu | kalna | kölnu | kölnu | kölnu |
Related terms
Indonesian
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”). Doublet of kali.
Noun
kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)
- time
- During the time that; when.
- Synonym: ketika
- (geology) A unit of geologic time subdividing a period into smaller parts; epoch.
- tense;
- (grammar) Any of the forms of a verb which distinguish when an action or state of being occurs or exists.
- (linguistics, grammar, countable) An inflected form of a verb that indicates tense.
Derived terms
- kala akan datang (“future tense”)
- kala kini (“present tense”)
- kala lampau (“past tense”)
Etymology 2
From Malay kala, from Javanese kala (ꦏꦭ, “stinging animal, scorpion”), from Sanskrit कालक (kālaka, “scorpion”).
Noun
kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)
- (Can we verify(+) this sense?) any member of scorpiones order
- (obsolete) scorpion
- Synonym: kalajengking
Etymology 3
From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala.
Noun
kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)
Etymology 4
From Malay kala, from Classical Malay kala, from Javanese ꦏꦭ (kala, “bird noose, snare”), from Old Javanese kalā.
Noun
kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)
Etymology 5
From Malay kala, from Arabic [Term?]. Doublet of qada.
Noun
kala (first-person possessive kalaku, second-person possessive kalamu, third-person possessive kalanya)
Derived terms
Ingrian
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *kala. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Soikkola" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /ˈkɑlɑ/
- Hyphenation: ka‧la
Noun
kala
- fish
- 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 11:
- Kapa, kala, kala, kana.
- Dried fish, fish, fish, hen.
- 1936, V. I. Junus, P. L. Maksimov, Inkeroisin keelen oppikirja alkuşkouluja vart (ensimäine osa), Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 37:
- Hää ono voimakas kala ja kasvaa suureks.
- It's a strong fish and grows big.
- Template:RQ:izh:Efimov:Lukukirja-2
Declension
Declension of kala (type 3/kana, no gradation, gemination) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kala | kalat |
genitive | kalan | kalloin |
partitive | kallaa | kaloja |
illative | kallaa | kalloi |
inessive | kalas | kalois |
elative | kalast | kaloist |
allative | kalalle | kaloille |
adessive | kalal | kaloil |
ablative | kalalt | kaloilt |
translative | kalaks | kaloiks |
essive | kalanna, kallaan | kaloinna, kalloin |
exessive1) | kalant | kaloint |
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive. |
Derived terms
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 126
- Template:R:izh:Chernyavskij:2005
- Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку[1], →ISBN, page 82
Karelian
North Karelian (Viena) |
kala |
---|---|
South Karelian (Tver) |
kala |
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.
Pronunciation
Noun
kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)
Declension
Viena Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kala | kalat | |
genitive | kalan | kalojen | |
partitive | kalua | kaloja | |
illative | kalah | kaloih | |
inessive | kalašša | kaloissa | |
elative | kalašta | kaloista | |
adessive | kalalla | kaloilla | |
ablative | kalalta | kaloilta | |
translative | kalakši | kaloiksi | |
essive | kalana | kaloina | |
comitative | — | kaloineh | |
abessive | kalatta | kaloitta |
Tver Karelian declension of kala (type 4/kala no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | kala | kalat | |
genitive | kalan | kaloin | |
partitive | kalua | kaloida | |
illative | kalah | kaloih | |
inessive | kalašša | kaloissa | |
elative | kalašta | kaloista | |
adessive | kalalla | kaloilla | |
ablative | kalalda | kaloilda | |
translative | kalakši | kaloiksi | |
essive | kalana | kaloina | |
comitative | kalanke | kaloinke | |
abessive | kalatta | kaloitta |
Possessive forms of kala | ||
---|---|---|
1st person | kalani | |
2nd person | kalaš | |
3rd person | kalah | |
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses. |
References
- A. V. Punzhina (1994) “kala”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
- P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “рыба”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN
Javanese
Romanization
kala
- Romanization of ꦏꦭ
Latvian
Verb
kala
- (deprecated template usage) 3rd person singular past indicative form of kalt
- (deprecated template usage) 3rd person plural past indicative form of kalt
Livvi
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E.. Cognates include Finnish kala and Estonian kala.
Pronunciation
Noun
kala (genitive kalan, partitive kalua)
Declension
Declension of kala (Type 1/griba, no gradation) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | kala | kalat |
genitive | kalan | kaloin |
partitive | kalua | kaloi |
illative | kalah | kaloih |
inessive | kalas | kalois |
elative | kalaspäi | kaloispäi |
allative | kalale | kaloile |
adessive | kalal | kaloil |
ablative | kalalpäi | kaloilpäi |
translative | kalakse | kaloikse |
essive | kalannu | kaloinnu |
abessive | kalattah | kaloittah |
comitative | kalanke | kaloinke |
instructive | kaloin | |
prolative | kalači |
References
- N. Gilojeva, S. Rudakova (2009) Karjalan kielen Livvin murdehen algukursu [Beginners' course of Karelian language's Livvi dialect][2] (in Livvi), Petrozavodsk, →ISBN, page 3
- Tatjana Boiko (2019) Suuri Karjal-Venʹalaine Sanakniigu (livvin murreh) [The Big Karelian-Russian dictionary (Livvi dialect)], 2nd edition, →ISBN, page 92
Ludian
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E..
Noun
kala
Malay
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Johor-Selangor" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /kalə/
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Riau-Lingga" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. IPA(key): /kala/
- Rhymes: -alə, -lə, -ə
Etymology 1
From Sanskrit काल (kāla, “time”).
Noun
kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)
- time (inevitable passing of events)
- time (quantity of availability in time)
- time (time of day, as indicated by a clock, etc)
- time (particular moment or hour)
- time (measurement under some system of the time of day or moment in time)
- time (numerical indication of a particular moment in time)
Synonyms
Etymology 2
From Javanese kala (“stinging animal”).
Noun
kala (Jawi spelling کالا, plural kala-kala, informal 1st possessive kalaku, 2nd possessive kalamu, 3rd possessive kalanya)
Ngadjunmaya
Noun
kala
References
- Suzanne M. Prober, Emma Yuen, Michael H. O'Connor, Les Schultz, Ngadju kala: Ngadju fire knowledge and contemporary fire management in the Great Western Woodlands, Wembley, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Coolgardie, Ngadju Conservation.
- Carl Georg von Brandenstein, 1980, Ngadjumaja: An Aboriginal Language of South-East Western Australia, Innsbruck, Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck.
Northern Sotho
Noun
kala
- branch (of a tree)
Old Norse
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *kalaną, whence also Old English calan. Ultimately from an o-grade present of Proto-Indo-European *gel-.
Verb
kala
- (impersonal, transitive with accusative) to freeze
- mik kell ― I freeze; I become frost-bitten
Conjugation
Descendants
References
- “kala”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press
Polish
Pronunciation
Verb
kala
Sakizaya
Noun
kala
Serbo-Croatian
Noun
kala (Cyrillic spelling кала)
Sumerian
Romanization
kala
- Romanization of 𒆗 (kala)
Tok Pisin
Etymology
Noun
kala
Veps
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *kala.
Noun
kala
Inflection
Derived terms
References
- Zajceva, N. G., Mullonen, M. I. (2007) “рыба”, in Uz’ venä-vepsläine vajehnik / Novyj russko-vepsskij slovarʹ [New Russian–Veps Dictionary][3], Petrozavodsk: Periodika
Võro
Etymology
From Lua error in Module:parameters at line 360: Parameter 2 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "fiu-fin-pro" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E., from Proto-Uralic *kala.
Pronunciation
Noun
kala (genitive kala, partitive kalla)
Inflection
singular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | kala | kalaq |
accusative | kala | kalaq |
genitive | kala | kallo |
partitive | kalla | kallo |
illative | kalla | kallo kallohe |
inessive | kalan kalahn |
kalon kallon kalohn kallohn |
elative | kalast | kalost kallost |
allative | kalalõ | kalolõ kallolõ |
adessive | kalal | kalol kallol |
ablative | kalalt | kalolt kallolt |
translative | kalas | kalos kallos |
terminative | kalaniq | kaloniq kalloniq |
abessive | kalaldaq | kaloldaq kalloldaq |
comitative | kalagaq | kallogaq |
Votic
Etymology
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Noun
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kala
Inflection
This noun needs an inflection-table template.
References
- Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn
Zacatepec Chatino
Adjective
kala
Verb
kala
Zigula
Verb
kala
- to hunt
Descendants
- Mbugu: kala
References
- Maarten Mous, The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu
Zulu
Verb
-kála
- to weigh
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukukala | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukukala | ukungakali | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | kala | -kale | |||||||
Plural | kalani | -kaleni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyakala, ngikala | engikalayo, engikala | ngikala | angikali | engingakali | ngingakali | |||
2nd singular | uyakala, ukala | okalayo, okala | ukala | awukali | ongakali | ungakali | |||
1st plural | siyakala, sikala | esikalayo, esikala | sikala | asikali | esingakali | singakali | |||
2nd plural | niyakala, nikala | enikalayo, enikala | nikala | anikali | eningakali | ningakali | |||
Class 1 | uyakala, ukala | okalayo, okala | ekala | akakali | ongakali | engakali | |||
Class 2 | bayakala, bakala | abakalayo, abakala | bekala | abakali | abangakali | bengakali | |||
Class 3 | uyakala, ukala | okalayo, okala | ukala | awukali | ongakali | ungakali | |||
Class 4 | iyakala, ikala | ekalayo, ekala | ikala | ayikali | engakali | ingakali | |||
Class 5 | liyakala, likala | elikalayo, elikala | likala | alikali | elingakali | lingakali | |||
Class 6 | ayakala, akala | akalayo, akala | ekala | awakali | angakali | engakali | |||
Class 7 | siyakala, sikala | esikalayo, esikala | sikala | asikali | esingakali | singakali | |||
Class 8 | ziyakala, zikala | ezikalayo, ezikala | zikala | azikali | ezingakali | zingakali | |||
Class 9 | iyakala, ikala | ekalayo, ekala | ikala | ayikali | engakali | ingakali | |||
Class 10 | ziyakala, zikala | ezikalayo, ezikala | zikala | azikali | ezingakali | zingakali | |||
Class 11 | luyakala, lukala | olukalayo, olukala | lukala | alukali | olungakali | lungakali | |||
Class 14 | buyakala, bukala | obukalayo, obukala | bukala | abukali | obungakali | bungakali | |||
Class 15 | kuyakala, kukala | okukalayo, okukala | kukala | akukali | okungakali | kungakali | |||
Class 17 | kuyakala, kukala | okukalayo, okukala | kukala | akukali | okungakali | kungakali | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngikalile, ngikalē | engikalile, engikalē | ngikalile, ngikalē | angikalanga | engingakalanga | ngingakalanga | |||
2nd singular | ukalile, ukalē | okalile, okalē | ukalile, ukalē | awukalanga | ongakalanga | ungakalanga | |||
1st plural | sikalile, sikalē | esikalile, esikalē | sikalile, sikalē | asikalanga | esingakalanga | singakalanga | |||
2nd plural | nikalile, nikalē | enikalile, enikalē | nikalile, nikalē | anikalanga | eningakalanga | ningakalanga | |||
Class 1 | ukalile, ukalē | okalile, okalē | ekalile, ekalē | akakalanga | ongakalanga | engakalanga | |||
Class 2 | bakalile, bakalē | abakalile, abakalē | bekalile, bekalē | abakalanga | abangakalanga | bengakalanga | |||
Class 3 | ukalile, ukalē | okalile, okalē | ukalile, ukalē | awukalanga | ongakalanga | ungakalanga | |||
Class 4 | ikalile, ikalē | ekalile, ekalē | ikalile, ikalē | ayikalanga | engakalanga | ingakalanga | |||
Class 5 | likalile, likalē | elikalile, elikalē | likalile, likalē | alikalanga | elingakalanga | lingakalanga | |||
Class 6 | akalile, akalē | akalile, akalē | ekalile, ekalē | awakalanga | angakalanga | engakalanga | |||
Class 7 | sikalile, sikalē | esikalile, esikalē | sikalile, sikalē | asikalanga | esingakalanga | singakalanga | |||
Class 8 | zikalile, zikalē | ezikalile, ezikalē | zikalile, zikalē | azikalanga | ezingakalanga | zingakalanga | |||
Class 9 | ikalile, ikalē | ekalile, ekalē | ikalile, ikalē | ayikalanga | engakalanga | ingakalanga | |||
Class 10 | zikalile, zikalē | ezikalile, ezikalē | zikalile, zikalē | azikalanga | ezingakalanga | zingakalanga | |||
Class 11 | lukalile, lukalē | olukalile, olukalē | lukalile, lukalē | alukalanga | olungakalanga | lungakalanga | |||
Class 14 | bukalile, bukalē | obukalile, obukalē | bukalile, bukalē | abukalanga | obungakalanga | bungakalanga | |||
Class 15 | kukalile, kukalē | okukalile, okukalē | kukalile, kukalē | akukalanga | okungakalanga | kungakalanga | |||
Class 17 | kukalile, kukalē | okukalile, okukalē | kukalile, kukalē | akukalanga | okungakalanga | kungakalanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngākala | engākala | ngākala | angikalanga | engingakalanga | ngingakalanga | |||
2nd singular | wākala | owākala | wākala | awukalanga | ongakalanga | ungakalanga | |||
1st plural | sākala | esākala | sākala | asikalanga | esingakalanga | singakalanga | |||
2nd plural | nākala | enākala | nākala | anikalanga | eningakalanga | ningakalanga | |||
Class 1 | wākala | owākala | ākala | akakalanga | ongakalanga | engakalanga | |||
Class 2 | bākala | abākala | bākala | abakalanga | abangakalanga | bengakalanga | |||
Class 3 | wākala | owākala | wākala | awukalanga | ongakalanga | ungakalanga | |||
Class 4 | yākala | eyākala | yākala | ayikalanga | engakalanga | ingakalanga | |||
Class 5 | lākala | elākala | lākala | alikalanga | elingakalanga | lingakalanga | |||
Class 6 | ākala | ākala | ākala | awakalanga | angakalanga | engakalanga | |||
Class 7 | sākala | esākala | sākala | asikalanga | esingakalanga | singakalanga | |||
Class 8 | zākala | ezākala | zākala | azikalanga | ezingakalanga | zingakalanga | |||
Class 9 | yākala | eyākala | yākala | ayikalanga | engakalanga | ingakalanga | |||
Class 10 | zākala | ezākala | zākala | azikalanga | ezingakalanga | zingakalanga | |||
Class 11 | lwākala | olwākala | lwākala | alukalanga | olungakalanga | lungakalanga | |||
Class 14 | bākala | obākala | bākala | abukalanga | obungakalanga | bungakalanga | |||
Class 15 | kwākala | okwākala | kwākala | akukalanga | okungakalanga | kungakalanga | |||
Class 17 | kwākala | okwākala | kwākala | akukalanga | okungakalanga | kungakalanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingakala | — | ngingakala | ngingekale | — | ngingekale | |||
2nd singular | ungakala | — | ungakala | ungekale | — | ungekale | |||
1st plural | singakala | — | singakala | singekale | — | singekale | |||
2nd plural | ningakala | — | ningakala | ningekale | — | ningekale | |||
Class 1 | angakala | — | engakala | angekale | — | engekale | |||
Class 2 | bangakala | — | bengakala | bangekale | — | bengekale | |||
Class 3 | ungakala | — | ungakala | ungekale | — | ungekale | |||
Class 4 | ingakala | — | ingakala | ingekale | — | ingekale | |||
Class 5 | lingakala | — | lingakala | lingekale | — | lingekale | |||
Class 6 | angakala | — | engakala | angekale | — | engekale | |||
Class 7 | singakala | — | singakala | singekale | — | singekale | |||
Class 8 | zingakala | — | zingakala | zingekale | — | zingekale | |||
Class 9 | ingakala | — | ingakala | ingekale | — | ingekale | |||
Class 10 | zingakala | — | zingakala | zingekale | — | zingekale | |||
Class 11 | lungakala | — | lungakala | lungekale | — | lungekale | |||
Class 14 | bungakala | — | bungakala | bungekale | — | bungekale | |||
Class 15 | kungakala | — | kungakala | kungekale | — | kungekale | |||
Class 17 | kungakala | — | kungakala | kungekale | — | kungekale | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizokala | engizokala | ngizokala | angizukala | engingezukala | ngingezukala | |||
2nd singular | uzokala | ozokala | uzokala | awuzukala | ongezukala | ungezukala | |||
1st plural | sizokala | esizokala | sizokala | asizukala | esingezukala | singezukala | |||
2nd plural | nizokala | enizokala | nizokala | anizukala | eningezukala | ningezukala | |||
Class 1 | uzokala | ozokala | ezokala | akazukala | ongezukala | engezukala | |||
Class 2 | bazokala | abazokala | bezokala | abazukala | abangezukala | bengezukala | |||
Class 3 | uzokala | ozokala | uzokala | awuzukala | ongezukala | ungezukala | |||
Class 4 | izokala | ezokala | izokala | ayizukala | engezukala | ingezukala | |||
Class 5 | lizokala | elizokala | lizokala | alizukala | elingezukala | lingezukala | |||
Class 6 | azokala | azokala | ezokala | awazukala | angezukala | engezukala | |||
Class 7 | sizokala | esizokala | sizokala | asizukala | esingezukala | singezukala | |||
Class 8 | zizokala | ezizokala | zizokala | azizukala | ezingezukala | zingezukala | |||
Class 9 | izokala | ezokala | izokala | ayizukala | engezukala | ingezukala | |||
Class 10 | zizokala | ezizokala | zizokala | azizukala | ezingezukala | zingezukala | |||
Class 11 | luzokala | oluzokala | luzokala | aluzukala | olungezukala | lungezukala | |||
Class 14 | buzokala | obuzokala | buzokala | abuzukala | obungezukala | bungezukala | |||
Class 15 | kuzokala | okuzokala | kuzokala | akuzukala | okungezukala | kungezukala | |||
Class 17 | kuzokala | okuzokala | kuzokala | akuzukala | okungezukala | kungezukala | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyokala | engiyokala | ngiyokala | angiyukala | engingeyukala | ngingeyukala | |||
2nd singular | uyokala | oyokala | uyokala | awuyukala | ongeyukala | ungeyukala | |||
1st plural | siyokala | esiyokala | siyokala | asiyukala | esingeyukala | singeyukala | |||
2nd plural | niyokala | eniyokala | niyokala | aniyukala | eningeyukala | ningeyukala | |||
Class 1 | uyokala | oyokala | eyokala | akayukala | ongeyukala | engeyukala | |||
Class 2 | bayokala | abayokala | beyokala | abayukala | abangeyukala | bengeyukala | |||
Class 3 | uyokala | oyokala | uyokala | awuyukala | ongeyukala | ungeyukala | |||
Class 4 | iyokala | eyokala | iyokala | ayiyukala | engeyukala | ingeyukala | |||
Class 5 | liyokala | eliyokala | liyokala | aliyukala | elingeyukala | lingeyukala | |||
Class 6 | ayokala | ayokala | eyokala | awayukala | angeyukala | engeyukala | |||
Class 7 | siyokala | esiyokala | siyokala | asiyukala | esingeyukala | singeyukala | |||
Class 8 | ziyokala | eziyokala | ziyokala | aziyukala | ezingeyukala | zingeyukala | |||
Class 9 | iyokala | eyokala | iyokala | ayiyukala | engeyukala | ingeyukala | |||
Class 10 | ziyokala | eziyokala | ziyokala | aziyukala | ezingeyukala | zingeyukala | |||
Class 11 | luyokala | oluyokala | luyokala | aluyukala | olungeyukala | lungeyukala | |||
Class 14 | buyokala | obuyokala | buyokala | abuyukala | obungeyukala | bungeyukala | |||
Class 15 | kuyokala | okuyokala | kuyokala | akuyukala | okungeyukala | kungeyukala | |||
Class 17 | kuyokala | okuyokala | kuyokala | akuyukala | okungeyukala | kungeyukala | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngikale | ngingakali | |||||||
2nd singular | ukale | ungakali | |||||||
1st plural | sikale | singakali | |||||||
2nd plural | nikale | ningakali | |||||||
Class 1 | akale | angakali | |||||||
Class 2 | bakale | bangakali | |||||||
Class 3 | ukale | ungakali | |||||||
Class 4 | ikale | ingakali | |||||||
Class 5 | likale | lingakali | |||||||
Class 6 | akale | angakali | |||||||
Class 7 | sikale | singakali | |||||||
Class 8 | zikale | zingakali | |||||||
Class 9 | ikale | ingakali | |||||||
Class 10 | zikale | zingakali | |||||||
Class 11 | lukale | lungakali | |||||||
Class 14 | bukale | bungakali | |||||||
Class 15 | kukale | kungakali | |||||||
Class 17 | kukale | kungakali | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngakala | ngangakala, angakala, angangakala | |||||||
2nd singular | wakala | wangakala, awakala, awangakala | |||||||
1st plural | sakala | sangakala, asakala, asangakala | |||||||
2nd plural | nakala | nangakala, anakala, anangakala | |||||||
Class 1 | wakala | wangakala, akakala, akangakala | |||||||
Class 2 | bakala | bangakala, abakala, abangakala | |||||||
Class 3 | wakala | wangakala, awakala, awangakala | |||||||
Class 4 | yakala | yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala | |||||||
Class 5 | lakala | langakala, alakala, alangakala | |||||||
Class 6 | akala | angakala, awakala, awangakala | |||||||
Class 7 | sakala | sangakala, asakala, asangakala | |||||||
Class 8 | zakala | zangakala, azakala, azangakala | |||||||
Class 9 | yakala | yangakala, ayakala, ayangakala | |||||||
Class 10 | zakala | zangakala, azakala, azangakala | |||||||
Class 11 | lwakala | lwangakala, alwakala, alwangakala | |||||||
Class 14 | bakala | bangakala, abakala, abangakala | |||||||
Class 15 | kwakala | kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala | |||||||
Class 17 | kwakala | kwangakala, akwakala, akwangakala |
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “kala”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “kala (3.9)”
- Albanian terms borrowed from Ottoman Turkish
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