gul

See also: Appendix:Variations of "gul"

Languages (33)

Translingual • English

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Albanian • Aleut • Bouyei • Bukhari • Bura • Cornish • Danish • Dutch • Faroese • Indonesian • Irish • Khalaj • Mangas • Middle English • North Frisian • Northern Kurdish • Norwegian Bokmål • Norwegian Nynorsk • Polish • Scottish Gaelic • Southwestern Dinka • Sumerian • Swedish • Tedim Chin • Turkmen • Uzbek • Volapük • Waigeo • Welsh • Zazaki • Zou

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Page categories

Translingual

Etymology

Clipping of English Gullah.

Symbol

gul

1. (international standards) ISO 639-3 language code for Gullah.

See also

• Wiktionary’s coverage of Gullah terms

English

Alternative forms

• gol, göl, gül

Etymology

From Classical Persian گُل (gul, “flower”).

Noun

gul (plural guls)

1. Any medallionlike design on a Central or West Asian rug.

Anagrams

• LUG, lug, Lug

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *gula, from Proto-Indo-European *gelH-; cognate with English callow, Serbo-Croatian gol, Latvian gāle (“sheet of ice, black ice”). Possibly related to ngul.

Adjective

gul (feminine gule)

1. (Arbëresh) hornless

Derived terms

• guli
• gulixhë

Aleut

Pronunciation

• (Western) IPA^(key): /ˈɣul/

Verb

gul

1. (Western) to go through

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Bouyei

Etymology

From Proto-Tai *kuːᴬ (“I; me”), *kawᴬ (“I; me”). Cognate with Thai กู (guu), Zhuang gou.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ku˨˦/

Pronoun

gul (Bouyei character 故)

1. I; me

See also

Bouyei personal pronouns

Person		Singular	Plural
1st	exclusive	gul	dul, hocdul, bozdul, jongsdul
	inclusive		rauz, raz, hocrauz, hocraz, bozrauz, bozraz, jongsrauz, jongsraz
	humble	wois, weis	bozwois, bozweis, jongswois, jongsweis
2nd		mengz	sul, hocsul, bozsul, jongssul, riel, hocriel, bozriel, jongsriel
3rd		deel	hocdeel, bozdeel, jongsdeel

Bukhari

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *Hwerdʰ-der.?

Proto-Indo-Iranian *(H)wardʰ-

Proto-Iranian *wardah

Old Persian *vr̥dah

Late Middle Persian gwl (gul)

Classical Persian گُل (gul)

Tajik гул (gul)

Bukhari gul

Inherited from Tajik гул (gul).

Noun

gul (Cyrillic spelling гул)

1. tree

References

• Gulkarov, Josef (2010), Этимологический словарь бухарско-еврейского языка с переводомна русский, англиский и иврит [Etymological Dictionary of Bukharian - Russian - English - Hebrew] (in Russian, English, and Hebrew), Tel Aviv: Union of Bukharian Jews in Israel, Jewish Agency, page 92

Bura

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡúl]

Noun

gul

1. small hole

References

• 2007. The UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Department of Linguistics.

Cornish

Alternative forms

• gwul (Revived Late Cornish)

Etymology

Inflected forms in gwr- are from Proto-Brythonic *gwrėɣɨd, from Proto-Celtic *wregeti. Cognate with Welsh gwneud, Breton ober (conjugation in gr-).

Verb

gul (irregular)

1. to do, make

Conjugation

Conjugation of gul (irregular)

		singular			plural			impersonal
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present/future	gwrav	gwredh	gwra	gwren	gwrewgh	gwrons	gwrer
	preterite	gwrug	gwrussys	gwrug	gwrussyn	gwrussowgh	gwrussons	gwrug
	imperfect	gwren	gwres	gwre	gwren	gwrewgh	gwrens	gwres
	pluperfect	gwrussen	gwrusses	gwrussa	gwrussen	gwrussewgh	gwrussens	gwrussys
subjunctive	present/future	gwrylliv	gwrylli	gwrello	gwryllyn	gwryllowgh	gwrellons	gwreller
	imperfect	gwrellen	gwrelles	gwrella	gwrellen	gwrellewgh	gwrellens	gwrellys
imperative		—	gwra	gwres	gwren	gwrewgh	gwrens	—
non-finites		present participle			verbal adjective
		ow kul			gwrys

Derived terms

• daswul (“redo, remake”, verb)
• diswul (“undo”, verb)
• dyski dhe nebonan gul neppyth (“teach somebody to do something”, verb)
• gorwul (“overdo”, verb)
• gul amendys, gul restorita (“make amends”, verb)
• gul aswon (“acquaint”, verb)
• gul bismer dhe (“scandalise, disgrace, vilify”, verb)
• gul bos unverhes (“reconcile”, verb)
• gul devnydh a (“make use of”, verb)
• gul devnydh da a (“put to good use”, verb)
• gul dhe glamdera (“stun”, verb)
• gul dhe nebonan gul neppyth (“make somebody do something”, verb)
• gul disooth (“make redundant”, verb)
• gul dysmygriv (“estimate”, verb)
• gul feyth (“make fertile”, verb)
• gul ges, gul ges a (“mock”, verb)
• gul glaw (“rain”, verb)
• gul gora (“make hay”, verb)
• gul hwel (“work”, verb)
• gul kamm erbynn (“wrong”, verb)
• gul keser (“hail”, verb)
• gul lost (“form a queue”, verb)
• gul maystri war (“tyrannise”, verb)
• gul mencyon a (“mention somebody, mention something”, verb)
• gul mowa (“grimace”, verb)
• gul pratt (“trick”, verb)
• gul prov (“prove”, verb)
• gul revrons dhe (“respect”, verb)
• gul sugen (“juice”, verb)
• gul tonnek (“flock together”, verb)
• gul torr (“make a break”, verb)
• gul tronkys (“have a bath”, verb)
• gul vri a (“esteem”, verb)
• gul war-lergh (“imitate”, verb)
• gwrys (“done, made”)
• heb gul gik na mik (“stock-still”)
• heb gul son (“silently”)
• kammwul (“err, make a mistake”, verb)
• kowlwul (“complete”, verb)
• lesta nebonan rag gul neppyth (“prevent somebody from doing something”, verb)
• mynnes orth nebonan gul neppyth (“wish for somebody to do something”, verb)
• omwul (“pretend”, verb)
• treuswul (“transact”, verb)

Mutation

Mutation of gul

radical	soft	aspirate	hard	mixed
gul	wul	unchanged	kul	hwul, wul*

* after 'th
Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Cornish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Danish

Etymology

From Old Danish guul, from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡuːˀl/, [ɡ̊uˀl], [kuˀl]

Adjective

gul (neuter gult, plural and definite singular attributive gule)

1. yellow

Declension

Inflection of gul

	positive	comparative	superlative
indefinite common singular	gul	gulere	gulest2
indefinite neuter singular	gult	gulere	gulest2
plural	gule	gulere	gulest2
definite attributive1	gule	gulere	guleste

¹ When an adjective is applied predicatively to something definite,
the corresponding "indefinite" form is used.
² The "indefinite" superlatives may not be used attributively.

See also

Colors in Danish · farver (layout · text)

hvid	grå	sort
rød; højrød, mørkerød	orange; brun	gul; flødefarvet
lime, lysegrøn	grøn, mørkegrøn	mintgrøn
cyan; turkis, lyseblå	azurblå, himmelblå	blå, mørkeblå
violet; indigo	magenta; lilla	lyserød, rosa

References

• “gul” in Den Danske Ordbog
• “gul” in Ordbog over det danske Sprog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɣʏl/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: gul
• Rhymes: -ʏl

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Probably cognate with West Frisian gol (“kind of heart”), Middle English gulle (“friendly”). A relation to gutsen has been suggested.

Adjective

gul (comparative guller, superlative gulst)

1. generous, unselfish
2. unsparing, plentiful
3. hearty, cordial

   Hij lachte gul.

   He laughed heartily.

Declension

Declension of gul
uninflected	gul
inflected	gulle
comparative	guller
		positive	comparative	superlative
predicative/adverbial		gul	guller	het gulst het gulste
indefinite	m./f. sing.	gulle	gullere	gulste
	n. sing.	gul	guller	gulste
	plural	gulle	gullere	gulste
definite		gulle	gullere	gulste
partitive		guls	gullers	—

Synonyms

• (generous): genereus, goedgeefs, munificent, vrijgevig, royaal

Derived terms

• gulaardig
• gulhartig
• gulheid

Related terms

• gullen

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch *gul(le) (attested only in the diminutive gullekijn). Uncertain, but plausibly related to geel (“yellow”).

Noun

gul m or f (plural gullen, diminutive gulletje n)

1. young cod

Faroese

Adjective

gul

1. inflection of gulur:
   1. feminine nominative singular
   2. neuter nominative/accusative plural

Indonesian

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُل (gul, “flower, rose”).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈɡul/ [ˈɡʊl]
• Rhymes: -ul
• Syllabification: gul

Noun

gul (plural gul-gul) (archaic, obsolete)

1. synonym of bunga (“flower”)
2. synonym of mawar (“rose”)

Further reading

• “gul”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Irish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡulˠ/

Noun

gul m

1. alternative form of dul (as a verbal noun only)

Khalaj

Perso-Arabic		گُل

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گل (gul).

Pronunciation

• (Xarrâbî) IPA^(key): [ɡʊl], [ɡo̝l]

Noun

gul (definite accusative gulı, plural gullar)

1. flower

Declension

Declension of gul

	singular	plural
nominative	gul	gullar
genitive	gulııñ	gullarııñ
dative	gulqa	gullarqa
definite accusative	gulı	gulları
locative	gulça	gullarça
ablative	gulda	gullarda
instrumental	gulla	gullarla
equative	gulvâra	gullarvâra

References

• Doerfer, Gerhard (1980), Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab) [Khalaj dictionary] (in German), Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó

Mangas

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡùl/

Noun

gul

1. bone

References

• Blench, Robert; Bulkaam, Michael (2021) An Introduction to Mantsi, a South Bauchi language of Central Nigeria. University of Cambridge.

Middle English

Alternative forms

• gull, gulle, gule, goule, goole

Etymology

Borrowed from Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡul(ə)/, /ˈɡoːl(ə)/

Adjective

gul

1. (Late Middle English) yellow, pale

Descendants

• ⇒ Scots: golgrav

See also

Colors in Middle English · coloures, hewes (layout · text)

whit	grey, hor	blak
red; cremesyn, gernet	citrine, aumbre; broun, tawne	yelow, dorry, gul; canevas
grasgrene	grene
plunket; ewage	asure, livid	blew, blo, pers
violet; inde	rose, murrey; purpel, purpur	claret

References

• “gul, adj.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

North Frisian

Chemical element (edit)
Au Atomic number 79 gul
Classification data Period 6 Group 11 Block d-block Class transition metal
Previous: —
Next: —

Alternative forms

• gölj (Mooring)
• Gul (Sylt)

Etymology

From Old Frisian gold, from Proto-Germanic *gulþą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰl̥tóm (“gold”), from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“yellow”).

Noun

gul n

1. (Föhr-Amrum) gold

Northern Kurdish

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian گُل (gul).

Noun

gul f

1. flower

Derived terms

• gulan
• gulav
• gulberoj
• gulbihar
• gulbijêr
• gulbijêrk
• guldank
• guldeste
• guleberbiro
• gulebûk
• gulfîdan
• gulgulî
• gulgîn
• gulhingivîn
• gulik
• gulistan
• gulistanî
• gulkelem
• gulkelemî
• gulnas
• gulnasî
• gulnesrîn
• gulperî
• gulyar
• gulyarî
• gulzan
• gulzanî
• gulçin
• gulçinî
• gulçîn
• gulçînî
• gulçînîtî
• gulî
• gulşen

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Old Norse gulr.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡʉːɽ/, /ɡʉːl/
• (Fredrikstad) IPA^(key): [ɡʉːɽ]
• Rhymes: -ʉːɽ

Adjective

gul (masculine and feminine gul, neuter gult, definite singular and plural gule, comparative gulere, indefinite superlative gulest, definite superlative guleste)

1. yellow

Derived terms

• brungul
• gulaktig
• gulbrun
• gulfarge
• gulnebblom
• gulrot
• lysegul
• okergul
• paillegul
• sennepsgul

References

• “gul” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz. Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡʉːl/

Adjective

gul (neuter gult, definite singular and plural gule, comparative gulare, indefinite superlative gulast, definite superlative gulaste)

1. yellow

Derived terms

• brungul
• gulaktig
• gulbrun
• gulfarge
• gulflankedelfin
• gulnebblom
• gulrot
• lysegul
• okergul
• sennepsgul

See also

Colors in Norwegian Nynorsk · fargar (layout · text)

kvit	grå	svart
raud	oransje; brun	gul
	grøn
(turkis)		blå
	rosa; lilla	rosa

References

• “gul” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈɡul/

• (Greater Poland):
  • (Central Greater Poland) IPA^(key): [ˈɡul]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ul
• Syllabification: gul
• Homophones: ghul, gól, Gul

Etymology 1

Onomatopoeic.

Interjection

gul

1. sound a turkey makes; gobble
2. sound of bubbling; gurgle

Etymology 2

See ghul.

Noun

gul m animal

1. (Islam) alternative spelling of ghul

Declension

Declension of gul

	singular	plural
nominative	gul	gule
genitive	gula	gulów
dative	gulowi	gulom
accusative	gula	gule
instrumental	gulem	gulami
locative	gulu	gulach
vocative	gulu	gule

Etymology 3

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kom

Proto-Indo-European *ku

Proto-Indo-European *kʷom

Proto-Slavic *kъ(n)

Old Polish k

Proto-Indo-European *wol-yeh₂

Proto-Balto-Slavic *wáljāˀ

Proto-Slavic *voľà

Old Polish woli

univ.

Old Polish gwoli

Polish gwoliclip.

Polish gul

Clipping of gwoli.

Preposition

gul

1. (Central Greater Poland, Środa Wielkopolska, Pleszew) synonym of gwoli

Etymology 4

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

gul f

1. genitive plural of gula

Further reading

• “gul”, in Wielki słownik języka polskiego‎^[1] (in Polish), Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• “gul”, in Polish dictionaries at PWN‎^[2] (in Polish)
• Jan Karłowicz (1901), “gwoli”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 2: F do K, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 152

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

gul m (genitive singular guil)

1. verbal noun of guil

Southwestern Dinka

Noun

gul

1. jaw

References

• Dinka-English Dictionary‎^[3], 2005

Sumerian

Romanization

gul

1. romanization of 𒄢 (gul)

Swedish

gula rapsblommor [yellow rapeseed flowers]

en gul plasthink [a yellow plastic bucket]

Etymology

From Old Norse gulr, from Proto-Germanic *gulaz, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- (“green, yellow”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡʉːl/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʉːl

Adjective

gul (comparative gulare, superlative gulast)

1. yellow
   • 1980, Docent Död, “Solglasögon [Sunglasses]”, in Docent [Docent [associate professor, roughly]]‎^[4]:

     Bakom mina solglasögon kan jag va' [vara] mig själv. Allting blir så vackert genom ... Genom mina solglasögon är ljuset alltid gult. Allting känns så riktigt bakom ...

     Behind my sunglasses, I can be myself. Everything turns so beautiful through ... Through my sunglasses, the light is always yellow. Everything feels so right behind ...

Declension

Inflection of gul

Indefinite	positive	comparative	superlative1
common singular	gul	gulare	gulast
neuter singular	gult	gulare	gulast
plural	gula	gulare	gulast
masculine plural2	gule	gulare	gulast
Definite	positive	comparative	superlative
masculine singular3	gule	gulare	gulaste
all	gula	gulare	gulaste

¹ The indefinite superlative forms are only used in the predicative.
² Dated or archaic.
³ Only used, optionally, to refer to things whose natural gender is masculine.

Noun

gul

1. yellow

Related terms

• gula

See also

Colors in Swedish · färger (layout · text)

vit	grå	svart
röd; karmosin, karmosinröd, blodröd	orange (common), brandgul (now uncommon); brun	gul; beige
limegrön	grön	mintgrön
turkos (common), cyan (rare); blågrön, teal	himmelsblå, azur	blå
lila, violett, gredelin (light lavender, now uncommon); indigo	magenta; purpur	rosa (common), skär (uncommon)

References

• “gul”, in Svensk ordbok [Dictionary of Swedish] (in Swedish)
• “gul”, in Svenska Akademiens ordbok [Dictionary of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)

Tedim Chin

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ruul, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mrul.

Noun

gul

1. snake

References

• Zomi Ordbog based on the work of D.L. Haokip

Turkmen

Other scripts
Latin	gul
Cyrillic	гул
Arabic	قول

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Turkic *kul (“slave, servant”). Cognate to Turkish kul (“slave, servant”)

Noun

gul (definite accusative guly, plural gullar)

1. slave
2. servant

Declension

Declension of gul

	singular	plural
nominative	gul	gullar
accusative	guly	gullary
genitive	guluň	gullaryň
dative	gula	gullara
locative	gulda	gullarda
ablative	guldan	gullardan

Derived terms

• Gulyýew
• Gurbanguly
• Işanguly
• Magtymguly
• Mälikguly
• Nurguly
• Soltanguly
• Şaguly

Further reading

• “gul” in Enedilim.com
• “gul” in Webonary.org

Uzbek

Etymology

Inherited from Chagatai گل (gül), from Classical Persian گُل (gul). Compare Uyghur گۈل (gül) / гүл (gül), Turkish gül, etc.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡʊl/, [ɡ˖ʏl]
• Hyphenation: gul

Noun

gul

1. flower

Declension

Declension of gul

	singular	plural
nominative	gul	gullar
genitive	gulning	gullarning
dative	gulga	gullarga
definite accusative	gulni	gullarni
locative	gulda	gullarda
ablative	guldan	gullardan
similative	guldek	gullardek

Possessive forms of gul

1st person singular
	singular	plural
nominative	gulim	gullarim
genitive	gulimning	gullarimning
dative	gulimga	gullarimga
definite accusative	gulimni	gullarimni
locative	gulimda	gullarimda
ablative	gulimdan	gullarimdan
similative	gulimdek	gullarimdek
2nd person singular
	singular	plural
nominative	guling	gullaring
genitive	gulingning	gullaringning
dative	gulingga	gullaringga
definite accusative	gulingni	gullaringni
locative	gulingda	gullaringda
ablative	gulingdan	gullaringdan
similative	gulingdek	gullaringdek
3rd person singular
	singular	plural
nominative	guli	gullari
genitive	gulining	gullarining
dative	guliga	gullariga
definite accusative	gulini	gullarini
locative	gulida	gullarida
ablative	gulidan	gullaridan
similative	gulidek	gullaridek
1st person plural
	singular	plural
nominative	gulimiz	gullarimiz
genitive	gulimizning	gullarimizning
dative	gulimizga	gullarimizga
definite accusative	gulimizni	gullarimizni
locative	gulimizda	gullarimizda
ablative	gulimizdan	gullarimizdan
similative	gulimizdek	gullarimizdek
2nd person plural
	singular	plural
nominative	gulingiz	gullaringiz
genitive	gulingizning	gullaringizning
dative	gulingizga	gullaringizga
definite accusative	gulingizni	gullaringizni
locative	gulingizda	gullaringizda
ablative	gulingizdan	gullaringizdan
similative	gulingizdek	gullaringizdek
3rd person plural
	singular	plural
nominative	guli	gullari
genitive	gulining	gullarining
dative	guliga	gullariga
definite accusative	gulini	gullarini
locative	gulida	gullarida
ablative	gulidan	gullaridan
similative	gulidek	gullaridek

Synonyms

• chechak

Derived terms

• tizimgul

Volapük

Etymology

From Latin angulus (“angle, corner”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɡul/

Noun

gul (genitive gula, plural guls)

1. angle
2. corner

Declension

Declension of gul

	Singular	Plural
Nominative	gul	guls
Genitive	gula	gulas
Dative	gule	gules
Accusative	guli	gulis
Predicative1	gulu	gulus
Vocative	o gul	o guls

1. Introduced in Volapük Nulik.

Waigeo

Verb

-gul

1. (intransitive) be very young (areca nut)

Conjugation

Class IV conjugation of gul

		singular	dual	paucal	plural
1st person	inclusive	yagul	tutagul	(a)tútagul	tagul
	exclusive		umagul	atúmagul	ámagul
2nd person		nyagul	mumagul	matúmagul	magul
3rd person	animate	nagul	ulagul	atúlagul	lagul
	inanimate	anggul	sigul

See also

• gági

References

• Arnold, Laura (2018), Grammar of Ambel, an Austronesian language of Raja Ampat, west New Guinea (PhD thesis)‎^[5]

Welsh

Adjective

gul

1. soft mutation of cul (“narrow”)

Mutation

Mutated forms of cul

radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cul	gul	nghul	chul

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Welsh.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Zazaki

Etymology

Compare Persian گل (gol).

Noun

gul

1. rose

Zou

Gul khat.

Etymology

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *ruul, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-mrul. Cognate with Mizo rûl.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɡūːl]
• Hyphenation: gul

Noun

gûl

1. snake, serpent

References

• Philip Thangliènmâng (2010), Minimal dictionary and Self-tutor Functional Grammar in Zo-English-Hindi, New Delhi: Zoculsin, →ISBN, page 32
• Lukram Himmat Singh (2013), A Descriptive Grammar of Zou (PhD thesis), Canchipur: Manipur University, page 40