Appendix:Old Galician-Portuguese personal pronouns
Personal pronouns[edit]
nominative | oblique1 (prepositional) |
objective | ||||||
Person | No | Gender | subject | plain | con + form 2 | indirect object | direct object | reflexive |
1st | sg | eu | mi min |
migo mego comigo comego |
me mi min |
me mi min |
me mi min | |
2nd | sg | tu ti |
ti | tigo tego contigo contego |
che chi te ti |
te ti |
te ti | |
2nd | sg | vossa mercee | vossa mercee si, xi |
con vossa mercee sigo sego consigo consego |
lhe lhi |
vossa mercee o, u, lo, no 5, 6 a, la, na 5, 7 |
se,si xe, xi | |
3rd | sg | m | el ele |
el ele si, xi 4 |
con el con ele sigo sego consigo consego |
o, u, lo, no 5 | ||
3rd | sg | n | elo | elo si, xi 4 |
con elo sigo sego consigo consego | |||
3rd | sg | f | ela | ela si, xi 4 |
con ela sigo sego consigo consego |
a, la, na 5 | ||
1st | pl | nós | nósco conósco |
nos | nos | nos | ||
1st | pl | m | nós outros *nós oitros3 |
con nós outros *con nós oitros | ||||
1st | pl | f | nós outras *nós oitras3 |
con nós outras *con nós oitras | ||||
2nd | sg (formal); pl |
vós | vósco covósco |
vos | vos | vos | ||
2nd | pl | m | vós outros *vós oitros3 |
con vós outros *con vós oitros | ||||
2nd | pl | f | vós outras *vós oitras3 |
con vós outras *con vós oitras | ||||
3rd | pl | m | eles | eles si, xi 4 |
con eles sigo sego consigo consego |
lhe lhi lhes lhis |
os, us, los, nos 5 | se, si xe, xi |
3rd | pl | f | elas | elas si, xi 4 |
con elas sigo sego consigo consego |
as, las, nas 5 | ||
1 Oblique forms are used following most prepositions. 2 All personal pronouns compound with the preposition con, but the meaning varies with grammatical person (see below). 3 The longer alternative forms may be used when there is a possibility of confusion with the contraction nos (“in the”). 4 The pronouns si and xi are the reflexive third-person forms in both the singular and plural. 5 The forms prefixed with l- or n- are used only in certain cases for consonantal agreement (see below). 6 Masculine form for vossa mercee. 7 Feminine form for vossa mercee. |
Usage[edit]
Nominative forms[edit]
Nominative forms of Old Galician-Portuguese pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Old Galician-Portugese verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.
- Subject implied by verb:
- Sõo de Espanha. — “I am from Spain.”
- Subject given for emphasis:
- El de Portugal é, pero eu sõo de Espanha. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”
- Subject implied by verb:
Accusative inflection[edit]
The third-person pronouns o, os, a, and as, have variant forms prefixed with l- or n- which appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. With that, the sentence “o ajudar” can become “ajudá-lo”. The same is applied to “e tu o negas?” which can be replaced by “e tu negá-lo?” analogously. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends with any nasal sound, that is, the sentence “elas o acusam?” can be “elas acusam-no” as the letter <m> is nasal to that language.
In addition to it, there are two other third-person pronouns -u and -us. They generally are suffixed to verbs whose infinitive forms end with -ar and are in the third-person singular of the present tense. See the following examples: amoou-u, amoo-u, amó-u (from amar); catoou-u, catoo-u, cató-u (from catar); amoou-us, amoo-us, amó-us; catoou-us, catoo-us, cató-us. The pronouns such as o and os can replace them, but only when the verb ends with the ou diphthong as in: amou-o, amou-os; catou-o and catou-os.
In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used (o, os, a, as) and are not suffixed to the preceding word. In that case, neither -u nor -us are included as they, by contrast, are suffixed to verbs only.
Compounds with con[edit]
All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition con (“with”), but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g. comigo (“with me; with myself”), but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g. consigo (“with himself/herself”).
Dative-accusative contractions[edit]
The third-person oblique pronouns el, ele, ela, eles, elas, and even elo form contractions when they follow the prepositions de (“of, from”) or en (“in”). For example, de el contracts to del and en elas contracts to nelas.
The third-person accusative pronouns o, a, os, as, lo, la, los, and las form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.
Dative pronoun | Accusative 3rd-person pronoun | ||||
Pers. / No. | Pronoun | o, lo | os, los | a, la | as, las |
1st sg | me, mi | mo | mos | ma | mas |
2nd sg | che, chi | cho | chos | cha | chas |
te, ti | to | tos | ta | tas | |
2nd/3rd sg | lhe, lhi | lho | lhos | lha | lhas |
1st pl | nos | nolo | nolos | nola | nolas |
2nd sg/pl | vos | volo | volos | vola | volas |
3rd pl | lhe, lhi lhes, lhis |
lhelo lhilo lho |
lhelos lhilos lhos |
lhela lhila lha |
lhelas lhilas lhas |
Non-contractive forms | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sg | me, mi | mi-o | mi-os | mi-a | mi-as |
2nd sg | che, chi | chi-o | chi-os | chi-a | chi-as |
te, ti | ti-o | ti-os | ti-a | ti-as | |
2nd/3rd sg | lhe, lhi | lhi-o | lhi-os | lhi-a | lhi-as |
3rd pl | lhe, lhi lhes, lhis |
These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.
Expletive pronouns with accusative contractions[edit]
Expletive pronoun | Accusative 3rd-person pronoun | |||||||
Pers. / No. | Pronoun | o, lo | os, los | a, la | as, las | |||
1st sg | mi, me | mo | mos | ma | mas | |||
2nd sg | chi, che | cho | chos | cha | chas | |||
ti, te | to | tos | ta | tas | ||||
2nd sg (vossa mercee) |
lhe, lhi xi, xe si, se |
lho xo |
lhos xos |
lha xa |
lhas xas | |||
3rd sg | ||||||||
3rd pl | lhe, lhi lhes, lhis xi, xe si, se |
lhelo lhilo lho xo |
lhelos lhilos lhos xos |
lhela lhila lha xa |
lhelas lhilas lhas xas | |||
1st pl | nos | nolo | nolos | nola | nolas | |||
2nd sg/pl | vos | volo | volos | vola | volas | |||
Non-contractive forms | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sg | mi, me | mi-o | mi-os | mi-a | mi-as | |||
2nd sg | chi, che | chi-o | chi-os | chi-a | chi-as | |||
ti, te | ti-o | ti-os | ti-a | ti-as | ||||
2nd sg (vossa mercee) |
lhe, lhi si, se |
lhi-o *si-o1 |
lhi-os *si-os1 |
lhi-a *si-a1 |
lhi-as *si-as1 | |||
3rd sg | ||||||||
3rd pl | lhe, lhi lhes, lhis si, se | |||||||
1Although these non-contractive forms have not been attested, etymologically and potentially, they could have existed. |
Possessive determiners and pronouns[edit]
Possessive pronouns and pronouns are a special class of personal pronouns which indicate a relationship of ownership or possession. However, they may serve as either as a pronoun or as an adjective.
possessum | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Possessor | possessive determiners | possessive pronouns | |||||||
Number | Person | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | ||||
Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | ||
Singular | First | méo méu mou |
mea mia mĩa ma mha |
méos méus mous |
meas mias mĩas mas mhas |
méo méu mou |
mea mia mĩa |
méos méus mous |
meas mias mĩas |
Second | téo téu tou |
tua ta |
téos téus tous |
tuas tas |
téo téu tou |
tua | téos téus tous |
tuas | |
vosso | vossa | vossos | vossas | vosso | vossa | vossos | vossas | ||
Third/Second | séo séu sou |
sua sa |
séos séus sous |
suas sas |
séo séu sou |
sua | séos séus sous |
suas | |
Plural | First | nosso | nossa | nossos | nossas | nosso | nossa | nossos | nossas |
Second | vosso | vossa | vossos | vossas | vosso | vossa | vossos | vossas | |
Third | séo séu sou |
sua sa |
séos séus sous |
suas sas |
séo séu sou |
sua | séos séus sous |
suas |
Possessive contractions | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Possessor | |||||||
Number | Person | Masculine (el, ele) | Feminine (ela) | Neuter (elo) | |||
Singular | Third | del, dele | dela | *delo | |||
Plural | deles | delas | *delos |
Usage[edit]
The choice of gender and number matches the noun possessed, not the gender and number of the possessor.
The possessives may be suffixed to the preceding word.
Demonstratives[edit]
The demonstratives are another class of pronoun that have both pronomial and adjectival functions.
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter 1 | ||||||
Remoteness | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||
"this" (here) | aqueste este |
aquestes estes |
aquesta esta |
aquestas estas |
esto isto aquesto aquisto |
— | ||
"that" (there) | aquesse esse |
aquesses esses |
aquessa essa |
aquessas essas |
esso isso aquesso aquisso |
— | ||
"that" (over there) | aquel aquele |
aqueles | aquela | aquelas | aquilo | — | ||
1 Old Galician-Portuguese does not have neuter nouns; neuter forms function only as pronouns, never as adjectives. |
Contractions[edit]
The demonstrative pronouns form contractions when used following the prepositions de (“of, from”) and en (“in”). For example, de este contracts to deste and en aquela contracts to naquela.
The demonstrative pronouns also form contractions when they precede the determiner outro (“other, another”). For example, este outro contracts to estoutro and aquelas outras contracts to aqueloutras.