Introduction[edit]

This page is intended to explore what the appendix for Welsh letters will look like if they are expelled from the main space. This paragrpah is not part of the intended experience. There are two formats:

A mere aggregation of existing entries. Note that the header lines are imperfect - {{cy-letter}} does not cater for the headword being different to the pagename.
An attempt to capture all the information in a few tables. The scheme is massively adapted from User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Afar letters and expands upon User:Thadh/Appendix:List of Welsh letters.

Aggregation[edit]

This is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.

A[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /aː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case A, lower case a)

The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by B.

Mutation[edit]

A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
afal	unchanged	unchanged	hafal
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

(standard) IPA^(key): /biː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /bə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)

The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by A and followed by C.

Mutation[edit]

B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Bangor	Fangor	Mangor	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

C[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛk/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /kə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)

The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by B and followed by Ch.

Mutation[edit]

C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Cymru	Gymru	Nghymru	Chymru
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛχ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /χ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)

The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.

Mutation[edit]

Ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

D[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /diː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /də/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)

The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ch and followed by Dd.

Mutation[edit]

D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Dinbych	Ddinbych	Ninbych	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Dd[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛð/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ð/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)

The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by D and followed by E.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.

Mutation[edit]

Dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

E[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case E, lower case e)

The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Dd and followed by F.

Mutation[edit]

E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
eliffant	unchanged	unchanged	heliffant
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

F[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛv/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /v/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)

The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by E and followed by Ff.

Ff[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛf/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)

The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by F and followed by G.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.

Mutation[edit]

Ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

G[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɡ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɡə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)

The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ff and followed by Ng.

Mutation[edit]

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Gwynedd	Wynedd	Ngwynedd	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ng[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛŋ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng, lower case ng)

The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by G and followed by H.

Mutation[edit]

Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh.

H[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(North Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /aːɨ̯tʃ/
- (North Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/
(South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ai̯tʃ/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA^(key): /hai̯tʃ/, /hə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case H, lower case h)

The twelfth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called aitsh and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ng and followed by I.

Mutation[edit]

H cannot be mutated in Welsh.

I[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /iː/
(South Wales, standard) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case I, lower case i)

The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i or i dot and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by H and followed by J.

Mutation[edit]

I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iwrch	unchanged	unchanged	hiwrch
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

J[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /dʒeː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case J, lower case j)

The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called je and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by I and followed by L.

Mutation[edit]

J cannot be mutated in Welsh.

L[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛl/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /l/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case L, lower case l)

The fourteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called el and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by J and followed by Ll.

Mutation[edit]

L cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Ll[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɬ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɬ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)

The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by L and followed by M.

Mutation[edit]

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

M[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛm/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /m/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case M, lower case m)

The seventeenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called em and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ll and followed by N.

Mutation[edit]

M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
merch	ferch	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

N[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛn/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /n/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case N, lower case n)

The eighteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called en and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by M and followed by O.

Mutation[edit]

N cannot mutate in Welsh.

O[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /oː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case O, lower case o)

The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by N and followed by P.

Mutation[edit]

O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
oren	unchanged	unchanged	horen
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

P[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /piː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /pə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case P, lower case p)

The twentieth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called pi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by O and followed by Ph.

Mutation[edit]

P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
prawf	brawf	mhrawf	phrawf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ph[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /fiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)

The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.

Mutation[edit]

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

R[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛr/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case R, lower case r)

The twenty-second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called er and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Ph and followed by Rh.

Mutation[edit]

R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Rh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /r̥iː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r̥/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)

The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.

Mutation[edit]

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

S[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛs/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /s/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case S, lower case s)

The twenty-fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ès and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Rh and followed by T.

Mutation[edit]

S cannot be mutated in Welsh.

T[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /tiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /tə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case T, lower case t)

The twenty-fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by S and followed by Th.

Mutation[edit]

T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tŷ	dŷ	nhŷ	thŷ
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Th[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛθ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /θ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)

The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by T and followed by U.

Mutation[edit]

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

U[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨː/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case U, lower case u)

The twenty-seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u, u bedol, or u gwpan and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by Th and followed by W.

Mutation[edit]

U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
uchelwydd	unchanged	unchanged	huchelwydd
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

W[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /uː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case W, lower case w)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by U and followed by Y.

Mutation[edit]

W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
wy	unchanged	unchanged	hwy
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

However, when it represents the semivowel /w/, W cannot be mutated.

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
wal	unchanged	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Y[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ə/, /əː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Y, lower case y)

The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by W.

Mutation[edit]

Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ysgol	unchanged	unchanged	hysgol
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

a[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /aː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural âu, not mutable)

The first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called a and written in the Latin script. It is followed by b.
The name of the Latin-script letter A.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: ae, ai, au, aw, ay

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
a	unchanged	unchanged	ha
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

b[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /biː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /bə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case B, lower case b)

The second letter of the Welsh alphabet, called bi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by a and followed by c.

Mutation[edit]

b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bara	fara	mara	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

c[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛk/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /kə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case C, lower case c)

The third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ec and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by b and followed by ch.

Mutation[edit]

c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cath	gath	nghath	chath
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

ch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛχ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /χ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ch, lower case ch)

The fourth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èch and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by C and followed by D.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.

Mutation[edit]

ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

d[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /diː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /də/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case D, lower case d)

The fifth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called di and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ch and followed by dd.

Mutation[edit]

d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
draig	ddraig	nraig	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

dd[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛð/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ð/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Dd, lower case dd)

The sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èdd and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by d and followed by e.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.

Mutation[edit]

dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

e[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /eː/
Rhymes: -eː

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural eau, not mutable)

The seventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called e and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by dd and followed by f.
The name of the Latin-script letter E.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: ei, eu, ew, ey

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
e	unchanged	unchanged	he
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

f[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛv/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /v/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case F, lower case f)

The eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èf and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by e and followed by ff.

ff[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛf/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ff, lower case ff)

The ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èff and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by f and followed by g.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.

Mutation[edit]

ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

g[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɡ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɡə/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case G, lower case g)

The tenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èg and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by ff and followed by ng.

Mutation[edit]

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gorsaf	orsaf	ngorsaf	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

ng[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛŋ/ (letter)
(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ng)

The eleventh letter of the Welsh alphabet, called eng and written in the Latin script.

i[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /iː/

Etymology 1[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ïau, not mutable)

The thirteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called i and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by h and followed by j.
The name of the Latin-script letter I.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: iw

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
i	unchanged	unchanged	hi
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

ll[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛɬ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /ɬ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ll, lower case ll)

The sixteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èll and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by l and followed by m.

Mutation[edit]

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

o[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /oː/
Rhymes: -oː

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural oau, not mutable)

The nineteenth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called o and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by n and followed by p.
The name of the Latin-script letter O.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: oe, oi, ou, ow, oy

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
o	unchanged	unchanged	ho
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

ph[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /fiː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /f/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Ph, lower case ph)

The twenty-first letter of the Welsh alphabet, called ffi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by P and followed by R.

Mutation[edit]

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

rh[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /r̥iː/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /r̥/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Rh, lower case rh)

The twenty-third letter of the Welsh alphabet, called rhi and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by R and followed by S.

Mutation[edit]

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

th[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ɛθ/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /θ/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters (upper case Th, lower case th)

The twenty-sixth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called èth and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by t and followed by u.

Mutation[edit]

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

u[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Pronunciation[edit]

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /ɨː/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural uau, not mutable)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called u and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by th and followed by w.
The name of the Latin-script letter U.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: uw

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
u	unchanged	unchanged	hu
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

w[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /uː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural ŵau, not mutable)

The twenty-eighth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called w and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by u and followed by y.
The name of the Latin-script letter W.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: wy

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
w	unchanged	unchanged	hw
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

y[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ

Pronunciation[edit]

(standard) IPA^(key): /ə/
- (informal) IPA^(key): /əː/

Letter[edit]

Appendix\:Welsh Letters f (plural yau, not mutable)

The twenty-ninth letter of the Welsh alphabet, called y and written in the Latin script. It is preceded by w.
The name of the Latin-script letter Y.

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
y	unchanged	unchanged	hy
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: yw

Table[edit]

This is an appendix that records all the letters of the Welsh language.

List[edit]

For further reading on the letters, see

R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

a b c ch d dd e f ff g ng h i j l ll m n o p ph r rh s t th u w y

In alphabetical order, the acknowledged letters of the Welsh aphabet are:

Upper case letter

Lower case letter

Pronunciation (IPA^(key): )

Name

Mutation

Represented

Name (standard)

Name (informal)

A

a

/aː/

a

A cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word afal (“apple”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
afal	unchanged	unchanged	hafal
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

B

b

/b/

/biː/

/bə/

bi

B at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, to M in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Bangor (“Bangor”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Bangor	Fangor	Mangor	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

b at the beginning of words mutates to f in a soft mutation, to m in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word bara (“bread”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
bara	fara	mara	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

C

c

/k/

/ɛk/

/kə/

ec

C at the beginning of words mutates to G in a soft mutation, to Ngh in a nasal mutation and to Ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word Cymru (“Wales”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Cymru	Gymru	Nghymru	Chymru
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

c at the beginning of words mutates to g in a soft mutation, to ngh in a nasal mutation and to ch in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word cath (“cat”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
cath	gath	nghath	chath
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ch

ch

/χ/

/ɛχ/

/χ/

èch

Ch and ch cannot be mutated in Welsh.

D

d

/d/

/diː/

/də/

di

D at the beginning of words mutates to Dd in a soft mutation, to N in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Dinbych (“Denbigh”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Dinbych	Ddinbych	Ninbych	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

d at the beginning of words mutates to dd in a soft mutation, to n in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word draig (“dragon”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
draig	ddraig	nraig	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Dd

dd

/ð/

/ɛð/

/ð/

èdd

Dd and dd cannot be mutated in Welsh.

E

e

/eː/
Rhymes: -eː

e

E cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word eliffant (“elephant”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
eliffant	unchanged	unchanged	heliffant
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

F

f

/v/

/ɛv/

/v/

èf

Ff

ff

/f/

/ɛf/

/f/

èff

Ff and ff cannot be mutated in Welsh.

G

gg

/ɡ/

/ɛɡ/

/ɡə/

èg

G at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word Gwynedd (“Gwynedd”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
Gwynedd	Wynedd	Ngwynedd	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

g at the beginning of words is omitted in a soft mutation, mutates to Ng in a nasal mutation and is unchanged by aspirate mutation, for example with the word gorsaf (“station”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
gorsaf	orsaf	ngorsaf	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ng

ng

/ŋ/

/ɛŋ/

/ŋ/

eng

Ng cannot be mutated in Welsh.

H

h

/h/

(North Wales) /aːɨ̯tʃ/
(South Wales) IPA^(key): /ai̯tʃ/

(North Wales) IPA^(key): /haːɨ̯tʃ/, /hə/
(South Wales) /hai̯tʃ/, /hə/

aitsh

H cannot be mutated in Welsh.

I

i

(North Wales) /iː/
(South Wales) /ˌiː ˈdɔt/, /ˌiː ˈðɔt/

i
i dot

I cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word iwrch (“roe deer”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
iwrch	unchanged	unchanged	hiwrch
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

J

j

/dʒ/

/dʒeː/

je

J cannot be mutated in Welsh.

L

l

/l/

/ɛl/

/l/

el

L cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Ll

ll

/ɬ/

/ɛɬ/

/ɬ/

èll

Ll at the beginning of words mutates to L in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word llawen (“merry”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
llawen	lawen	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

M

m

/ɛm/

/m/

em

M at the beginning of words mutates to F in a soft mutation, but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word merch (“girl, daughter”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
merch	ferch	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

N

n

/ɛn/

/n/

en

N cannot mutate in Welsh.

O

o

/oː/

o

O cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word oren (“orange”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
oren	unchanged	unchanged	horen
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

P

p

/piː/

/pə/

pi

P at the beginning of words mutates to B in a soft mutation, to Mh in a nasal mutation and to Ph in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word prawf (“test”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
prawf	brawf	mhrawf	phrawf
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ph

ph

f

/fiː/

/f/

ffi

Ph cannot be mutated in Welsh.

R

r

/ɛr/

r

er

R cannot be mutated in Welsh.

Rh

rh

r̥

/r̥iː/

/r̥/

rhi

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Rh at the beginning of words mutates to R in a soft mutation but is unchanged by nasal mutation and aspirate mutation, for example with the word rhedeg (“to run”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
rhedeg	redeg	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

S

s

/ɛs/

/s/

ès

S cannot be mutated in Welsh.

T

t

/tiː/

/tə/

bi

T at the beginning of words mutates to D in a soft mutation, to Nh in a nasal mutation and to Th in an aspirate mutation, for example with the word tŷ (“house”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
tŷ	dŷ	nhŷ	thŷ
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Th

th

θ

/ɛθ/

/θ/

èth

Th cannot be mutated in Welsh.

U

u

(North Wales)

/ɨː/

u

U cannot mutate but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word uchelwydd (“mistletoe”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
uchelwydd	unchanged	unchanged	huchelwydd
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

(South Wales)

/ˌiː ˈbeːdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈbɛdɔl/, /ˌiː ˈɡʊpan/

u
u bedol
u gwpan

W

w

/uː/

w

W cannot be mutated but when representing a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word wy (“egg”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
wy	unchanged	unchanged	hwy
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

However, when it represents the semivowel /w/, W cannot be mutated.

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	aspirate
wal	unchanged	unchanged	unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Y

y

/ə/

/ə/, /əː/

e

Y cannot be mutated but, being a vowel, does take h-prothesis, for example with the word ysgol (“school; ladder”):

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
ysgol	unchanged	unchanged	hysgol
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

a[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): à
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): á
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): â
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ä

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: ae, ai, au, aw, ay

Mutation[edit]

Welsh mutation
radical	soft	nasal	h-prothesis
a	unchanged	unchanged	ha
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Ch[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Chwilog is alphabetically sorted after Cydweli.

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ch is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, chwech is alphabetically sorted after cyllell.

Dd[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, y Ddraenen Wen is alphabetically sorted after y Drenewydd.

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, dd is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ddoe is alphabetically sorted after dydd.

e[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): è
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): é
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ê
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ë

ff[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Like the other Welsh digraphs, Ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, Ffrainc is alphabetically sorted after Fietnam.

Like the other Welsh digraphs, ff is considered a distinct letter of the Welsh alphabet for all purposes, including collation. Thus, ffa is alphabetically sorted after fwltur.

ng[edit]

(phoneme) IPA^(key): /ŋ/

i[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ì
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): í
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): î
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ï

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: iw

o[edit]

Alternative forms=[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ò
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ó
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ô
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ö

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA^(key): /oː/
Rhymes: -oː

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: oe, oi, ou, ow, oy

u[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: uw

w[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel): ẁ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ẃ
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel or disyllabicity): ŵ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ẅ

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: wy

y[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

(with grave accent to indicate otherwise unpredictable short vowel /ə/): ỳ
(with acute accent to indicate unusually stressed short vowel): ý
(with circumflex to indicate otherwise unpredictable or unusually stressed long vowel): ŷ
(with diaeresis to indicate disyllabicity): ÿ

Derived terms[edit]

Digraph sequences: yw

Digraphs[edit]

In Afar, long vowels and long consonants are written by doubling the letter:

⟨a⟩ /ʌ/; ⟨aa⟩ /aː/

⟨g⟩ /ɡ/; ⟨gg⟩ /ɡː/

Furthermore, there is one borrowed digraph:

Upper case letter	Lower case letter	Pronunciation (IPA)
Sh	sh	/ʃ/

User:RichardW57/Appendix:Welsh Letters

Introduction[edit]

Aggregation[edit]

A[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

See also[edit]

B[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

C[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Ch[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

D[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Dd[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

E[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

F[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Ff[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Usage notes[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

G[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Ng[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

H[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

Mutation[edit]

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

I[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]