命
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]命 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+5, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人一口中 (OMRL), four-corner 80627, composition ⿱亼叩 or ⿹令口)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 183, character 18
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3473
- Dae Jaweon: page 402, character 15
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 604, character 11
- Unihan data for U+547D
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
命 | |
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alternative forms | 𠇮 𫝇 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 命 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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令 | *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
怜 | *riːn, *reːŋ |
零 | *riːŋ, *reːŋ, *reːŋs |
魿 | *ɡriŋ, *reːŋ |
命 | *mreŋs |
冷 | *raːŋʔ, *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
跉 | *reŋ, *reːŋ |
嶺 | *reŋʔ |
領 | *reŋʔ |
阾 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
柃 | *reŋʔ, *reːŋ |
袊 | *reŋʔ |
詅 | *reŋs, *reːŋ |
旍 | *ʔsleŋ |
舲 | *reːŋ |
齡 | *reːŋ |
囹 | *reːŋ |
鴒 | *reːŋ |
蛉 | *reːŋ |
鈴 | *reːŋ |
苓 | *reːŋ |
伶 | *reːŋ |
泠 | *reːŋ |
瓴 | *reːŋ |
拎 | *reːŋ |
刢 | *reːŋ |
玲 | *reːŋ |
聆 | *reːŋ |
竛 | *reːŋ |
軨 | *reːŋ |
笭 | *reːŋ, *reːŋʔ |
翎 | *reːŋ |
閝 | *reːŋ |
鹷 | *reːŋ |
昤 | *reːŋ |
駖 | *reːŋ |
彾 | *reːŋ |
呤 | *reːŋ |
狑 | *reːŋ |
秢 | *reːŋ |
岭 | *reːŋ |
紷 | *reːŋ |
砱 | *reːŋ |
羚 | *reːŋ |
姈 | *reːŋ |
蕶 | *reːŋ |
澪 | *reːŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *mreŋs) : semantic 口 (“mouth”) + phonetic 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs). Doublet of 呤 (OC *reːŋ).
Etymology
[edit]Related to 令 (OC *ren, *reŋ, *reŋs, *reːŋ, *reːŋs, “to order; to command; order”) (Wang, 1982). Both may be derived from 名 (OC *meŋ, “name”): “name” (名) > “to name; to give (a name to)” (命) > “to order; to command” > “order; command” > “destiny; fate; lot” > “life” (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): min4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мин (min, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): miang5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ming3
- Northern Min (KCR): miāng / mēng
- Eastern Min (BUC): miâng / mêng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6min
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): min5 / min4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄧㄥˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mìng
- Wade–Giles: ming4
- Yale: mìng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: minq
- Palladius: мин (min)
- Sinological IPA (key): /miŋ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: min4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: min
- Sinological IPA (key): /min²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мин (min, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /miŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: meng6 / ming6
- Yale: mehng / mihng
- Cantonese Pinyin: meng6 / ming6
- Guangdong Romanization: méng6 / ming6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɛːŋ²²/, /mɪŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- meng6 - vernacular;
- ming6 - literary.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: miang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbiaŋ³²/
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: miang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /miaŋ¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: miang / min
- Hakka Romanization System: miang / min
- Hagfa Pinyim: miang4 / min4
- Sinological IPA: /mi̯aŋ⁵⁵/, /min⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- miang - vernacular;
- min - literary.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ming3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /mĩŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: miāng / mēng
- Sinological IPA (key): /miaŋ⁵⁵/, /meiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: miâng / mêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /miɑŋ²⁴²/, /mɛiŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- miâng - vernacular;
- mêng - literary.
- Southern Min
- miā - vernacular;
- bēng - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: mian7 / mêng6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: miāⁿ / mĕng
- Sinological IPA (key): /mĩã¹¹/, /meŋ³⁵/
- mian7 - vernacular;
- mêng6 - literary.
- min5 - vernacular;
- min4 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: mjaengH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-riŋ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mreŋs/
Definitions
[edit]命
- life; existence; state of living (Classifier: 條/条 m c)
- lifespan; life expectancy
- destiny; fate; luck
- order; command; instruction
- to order; to command
- to give (a title, name to); to name
Synonyms
[edit]- (life): 生命 (shēngmìng)
See also
[edit]- 生活 (shēnghuó, “(personal aspects of) life”)
Compounds
[edit]- 一命 (yīmìng)
- 一命嗚呼/一命呜呼 (yīmìngwūhū)
- 一文如命
- 一錢如命/一钱如命
- 三命
- 上命 (shàngmìng)
- 不敢從命/不敢从命
- 不辱使命 (bùrǔshǐmìng)
- 丟命/丢命
- 九命
- 九命奇冤
- 乞命
- 了身達命/了身达命
- 亡命 (wángmìng)
- 亡命之徒 (wángmìngzhītú)
- 亡身短命
- 人命 (rénmìng)
- 休命
- 任命 (rènmìng)
- 任命狀/任命状
- 任天由命
- 佐命
- 佳人命薄
- 佳人薄命 (jiārénbómìng)
- 使命 (shǐmìng)
- 使命感 (shǐmìnggǎn)
- 俟命
- 保命 (bǎomìng)
- 俛首聽命/俯首听命
- 倒懸捱命/倒悬捱命
- 俯首聽命/俯首听命
- 假言命題/假言命题
- 催命 (cuīmìng)
- 催命符 (cuīmìng fú)
- 催命鬼
- 償命/偿命 (chángmìng)
- 元命
- 內命/内命
- 八敗命/八败命
- 共命鳥/共命鸟 (gòngmìngniǎo)
- 冇命
- 冊命/册命
- 分命
- 制命
- 勞碌命/劳碌命
- 千里命駕
- 反命
- 受命 (shòumìng)
- 受命推事
- 司命
- 同命
- 同命鳥/同命鸟
- 同命鴛鴦/同命鸳鸯
- 命不牢
- 命不該絕/命不该绝
- 命世 (mìngshì)
- 命世之才 (mìngshì zhī cái)
- 命世才
- 命中 (mìngzhòng)
- 命中注定 (mìngzhōngzhùdìng)
- 命中率 (mìngzhònglǜ)
- 命中註定/命中注定 (mìngzhōngzhùdìng)
- 命乖運拙/命乖运拙
- 命人
- 命仔
- 命令 (mìnglìng)
- 命儔嘯侶/命俦啸侣
- 命分
- 命名 (mìngmíng)
- 命在旦夕
- 命大 (mìngdà)
- 命如紙/命如纸
- 命婦/命妇
- 命官 (mìngguān)
- 命定 (mìngdìng)
- 命宮/命宫
- 命小福薄
- 命帶桃花/命带桃花
- 命快
- 命意
- 命數/命数 (mìngshù)
- 命數法/命数法
- 命服
- 命染黃沙/命染黄沙
- 命案 (mìng'àn)
- 命根 (mìnggēn)
- 命根子 (mìnggēnzi)
- 命毒
- 命理
- 命相
- 命硬
- 命神
- 命筆/命笔 (mìngbǐ)
- 命脈/命脉 (mìngmài)
- 命苦 (mìngkǔ)
- 命若懸絲/命若悬丝
- 命薄
- 命薄如花
- 命薄相窮/命薄相穷
- 命虧/命亏
- 命該如此/命该如此
- 命蹇
- 命蹇時乖/命蹇时乖
- 命輕鴻毛/命轻鸿毛
- 命途
- 命途坎坷
- 命途多舛 (mìngtúduōchuǎn)
- 命運/命运 (mìngyùn)
- 命道
- 命釘/命钉
- 命門/命门 (mìngmén)
- 命限
- 命題/命题 (mìngtí)
- 命館/命馆
- 命駕/命驾
- 唯命是從/唯命是从 (wéimìngshìcóng)
- 唯命是聽/唯命是听 (wéimìngshìtīng)
- 唾是命
- 唯是命題/唯是命题
- 喝命
- 喪命/丧命 (sàngmìng)
- 嗜之如命
- 嘏命
- 嚴命/严命
- 國命/国命 (guómìng)
- 圖財害命/图财害命
- 圖財致命/图财致命
- 垂命
- 執命/执命
- 報命/报命
- 填命 (tiánmìng)
- 壽命/寿命 (shòumìng)
- 大命 (dàmìng)
- 天命 (tiānmìng)
- 天命有歸/天命有归
- 天命真主
- 奉命 (fèngmìng)
- 奔命
- 奉命唯謹/奉命唯谨
- 奪命/夺命
- 好命 (hǎomìng)
- 委命
- 孤鸞照命/孤鸾照命
- 安之若命
- 安命 (ānmìng)
- 安身立命 (ānshēnlìmìng)
- 安非他命 (ānfēitāmìng)
- 定命 (dìngmìng)
- 害命
- 家貧命苦/家贫命苦
- 宿命 (sùmìng)
- 寄命
- 宿命論/宿命论 (sùmìnglùn)
- 宿命通
- 寵命/宠命
- 將命/将命 (jiāngmìng)
- 專命/专命
- 將士用命/将士用命
- 尊命 (zūnmìng)
- 對命/对命
- 小命兒/小命儿
- 峻命 (jùnmìng)
- 帝命
- 平均壽命/平均寿命 (píngjūn shòumìng)
- 年命
- 幸不辱命
- 度命 (dùmìng)
- 延命菊 (yánmìngjú)
- 待命 (dàimìng)
- 後命/后命
- 得命
- 從命/从命 (cóngmìng)
- 復命/复命 (fùmìng)
- 性命 (xìngmìng)
- 恩星照命
- 惟命是從/惟命是从 (wéimìngshìcóng)
- 惟命是聽/惟命是听 (wéimìngshìtīng)
- 愛才如命/爱才如命 (àicáirúmìng)
- 愛財如命/爱财如命 (àicáirúmìng)
- 愛錢如命/爱钱如命
- 慈命
- 應命/应命 (yìngmìng)
- 應天受命/应天受命 (yìngtiānshòumìng)
- 成命 (chéngmìng)
- 抗命
- 批命
- 投命
- 拜命
- 拚命 (pànmìng)
- 抵命
- 拚老命
- 拼命 (pīnmìng)
- 拼命三郎 (pīnmìng sānláng)
- 拱手聽命/拱手听命
- 掙命/挣命 (zhèngmìng)
- 捨命/舍命 (shěmìng)
- 授命 (shòumìng)
- 捨命救人/舍命救人
- 排斥命題/排斥命题
- 搶命/抢命
- 搏命 (bómìng)
- 攞命/𫽋命
- 收回成命
- 放命
- 效命 (xiàomìng)
- 敕命 (chìmìng)
- 救命 (jiùmìng)
- 數奇命蹇/数奇命蹇
- 斃命/毙命 (bìmìng)
- 文命
- 文章憎命
- 斷難從命/断难从命
- 方命
- 明命
- 星命
- 時乖命蹇/时乖命蹇
- 時命/时命
- 景命 (jǐngmìng)
- 曆命/历命
- 有命
- 有才無命/有才无命
- 朕命
- 末命
- 本命年 (běnmìngnián)
- 本命星
- 桃花薄命
- 樂天安命/乐天安命
- 樂天知命/乐天知命 (lètiānzhīmìng)
- 欣然命筆/欣然命笔
- 欽命/钦命 (qīnmìng)
- 正命
- 歸命/归命
- 歹命
- 死命 (sǐmìng)
- 死於非命/死于非命 (sǐyúfēimìng)
- 死生有命
- 殞命/殒命 (yǔnmìng)
- 殞身滅命/殒身灭命
- 殺人償命/杀人偿命
- 民不堪命
- 氣命/气命
- 永命
- 沒命/没命
- 沒命似的/没命似的
- 治命
- 活命 (huómìng)
- 為民請命/为民请命
- 爛命/烂命
- 父母之命
- 特命 (tèmìng)
- 犬馬之命/犬马之命
- 狗命
- 狠命
- 王命 (wángmìng)
- 王命旗牌
- 玩兒命/玩儿命 (wánrmìng)
- 玩命 (wánmìng)
- 生命 (shēngmìng)
- 生死有命
- 用命 (yòngmìng)
- 畏天知命
- 畢命/毕命 (bìmìng)
- 疲於奔命/疲于奔命 (píyúbēnmìng)
- 盡命/尽命 (jìnmìng)
- 相依為命/相依为命 (xiāngyīwéimìng)
- 相倚為命/相倚为命
- 相命 (xiàngmìng)
- 相與為命/相与为命
- 相須為命/相须为命
- 真命天子 (zhēnmìng tiānzǐ)
- 知命 (zhīmìng)
- 知命之年 (zhīmìngzhīnián)
- 知命安身
- 知命樂天/知命乐天
- 短命 (duǎnmìng)
- 短命鬼 (duǎnmìngguǐ)
- 短壽促命/短寿促命
- 矯命/矫命
- 硬命
- 祚命
- 祿命/禄命 (lùmìng)
- 禍福有命/祸福有命
- 稟命/禀命 (bǐngmìng)
- 窮身潑命/穷身泼命
- 窮通皆命/穷通皆命
- 窮達有命/穷达有命
- 立命安身
- 符命
- 策命
- 算命 (suànmìng)
- 算命先生 (suànmìng xiānsheng)
- 紅顏命薄/红颜命薄
- 紅顏薄命/红颜薄命 (hóngyánbómìng)
- 紅鸞照命/红鸾照命
- 索命 (suǒmìng)
- 納命/纳命
- 納命來/纳命来
- 絕命/绝命
- 絕命書/绝命书
- 絕命詞/绝命词
- 維他命/维他命 (wéitāmìng)
- 維天之命/维天之命
- 緣慳命蹇/缘悭命蹇
- 繫命/系命 (xìmìng)
- 續命/续命 (xùmìng)
- 續命湯/续命汤
- 罷於奔命/罢于奔命
- 美人命薄
- 老命 (lǎomìng)
- 耳提面命
- 耿命
- 聽命/听命
- 聽天任命/听天任命 (tīngtiānrènmìng)
- 聽天命/听天命 (tīngtiānmìng)
- 聽天由命/听天由命 (tīngtiānyóumìng)
- 肯定命題/肯定命题
- 脫命/脱命
- 臨危受命/临危受命
- 臨危授命/临危授命 (línwēishòumìng)
- 臨危效命/临危效命
- 臨危致命/临危致命
- 自命 (zìmìng)
- 自命不凡 (zìmìngbùfán)
- 自命清高
- 致命 (zhìmìng)
- 致命傷/致命伤 (zhìmìngshāng)
- 臺命/台命
- 苦命 (kǔmìng)
- 薄命 (bómìng)
- 薄命女
- 衡命
- 複合命題/复合命题
- 要命 (yàomìng)
- 要命鬼
- 覆命 (fùmìng)
- 見危受命/见危受命
- 見危授命/见危授命
- 見危致命/见危致命
- 託命/托命
- 討命/讨命
- 託孤寄命/托孤寄命
- 誥命/诰命 (gàomìng)
- 認命/认命 (rènmìng)
- 課命/课命
- 請命/请命 (qǐngmìng)
- 謀財害命/谋财害命 (móucáihàimìng)
- 豁命
- 負命/负命
- 財多命殆/财多命殆
- 買命錢/买命钱
- 賣命/卖命 (màimìng)
- 贖命/赎命
- 踰牆避命/逾墙避命
- 身命 (shēnmìng)
- 軀命/躯命
- 辟命
- 辭不獲命/辞不获命
- 辭命/辞命
- 辱命
- 送命 (sòngmìng)
- 逃命 (táomìng)
- 逆命
- 造命
- 達人知命/达人知命
- 違命/违命
- 運命/运命 (yùnmìng)
- 運命論/运命论
- 遺命/遗命
- 遵命 (zūnmìng)
- 鈞命/钧命
- 銜命/衔命 (xiánmìng)
- 錫命/锡命
- 長命/长命 (chángmìng)
- 長命富貴/长命富贵
- 長命百歲/长命百岁 (chángmìngbǎisuì)
- 長命縷/长命缕
- 長命釘/长命钉
- 長命鎖/长命锁 (chángmìngsuǒ)
- 關係命題/关系命题
- 隕命/陨命
- 非命 (fēimìng)
- 非定命論/非定命论
- 面命耳提
- 靦顏借命/䩄颜借命
- 革命 (gémìng)
- 順命/顺命
- 順天聽命/顺天听命
- 領命/领命 (lǐngmìng)
- 顧命/顾命
- 饒命/饶命 (ráomìng)
- 駿命/骏命
- 鼎命
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: みょう (myō, Jōyō)←みやう (myau, historical)
- Kan-on: めい (mei, Jōyō)
- Kun: いのち (inochi, 命, Jōyō); みこと (mikoto, 命)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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命 |
いのち Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *inəti. Probably a compound of Old Japanese elements 息 (i, “breath”, i in compounds, iki on its own) + の (no, possessive particle) + 霊 (chi, “spirit, force, soul”).
Some analyses describe this as a compound using 生 (i, “life, breath”, i in compounds, iki on its own) as the initial semantic element. This is equally valid, as 息 (iki) and 生き (iki) are cognates.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- life
- 命の恩人
- inochi no onjin
- person to whom one owes their life
- 命の恩人
- lifespan
- lifetime
- fate, destiny
- (figuratively) the most important part or aspect of a thing
Usage notes
[edit]命 as "life" is distinct from several other Japanese words that may also be translated to English as "life". In particular, it means "the state of being alive, an animating force, or life as a whole (from birth to death)". Compare the terms below, which may also be rendered as "life" in English:
- 生活 (seikatsu, “life”): Day-to-day life as it is experienced; lifestyle; one's usual activities, habits, and routines.
- 生存 (seizon, “life”): Action involved in staying alive, as in "signs of life".
- 生命 (seimei, “life”): Biological life in general, particularly in scientific contexts.
- 存在 (sonzai, “life”): Being; either the state of existing or a thing that exists.
- 人生 (jinsei, “life”): A person's narrative, experience, and/or accomplishments from birth to death.
- 寿命 (jumyō, “life”): Lifespan or life expectancy.
- 残機 (zanki, “life”): A video-game life; a chance to play.
- 元気 (genki, “life”): Liveliness.
Synonyms
[edit]- (life): 生命 (seimei)
- (lifespan): 寿命 (jumyō)
- (lifetime): 生涯 (shōgai), 一生 (isshō)
- (fate): 運命 (unmei)
- (destiny): 天命 (tenmei)
- (core aspect): 真髄 (shinzui)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
命 |
みこと Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Compound of 御 (mi-, honorific prefix) + 言 (koto, “word”).[2] The mi prefix is generally limited to extremely high-status contexts such as gods or emperors.
Alternative forms
[edit]- 御言 (mikoto)
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- the words or pronouncements of a god or an emperor
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
命 |
みこと Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
From Old Japanese. Originally a compound of 御 (mi-, honorific prefix) + 事 (koto, “abstract thing”, as opposed to 物, mono, “concrete thing”).[2][1]
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- the honorable, the exalted
- Used as a title after the referenced noun when referring to gods, emperors, or other high-status persons.
- 711–712, Kojiki, Kami tsu maki:
- 夜知富許能 迦微能美許登波
- 八千矛の神の命は
- やちほこのかみのみことは
- Yachihoko no kami no mikoto wa
- the honorable god Yachihoko
-
- 波々蘇婆能 波々能美許等波
- 柞葉の母の命は
- ははそばのははのみことは
- hahasoba no haha no mikoto wa
- the exalted mother of the oak leaf
- the beloved, dearly beloved
- Similarly used as a title after the referenced noun.
- 711–712, Kojiki, Kami tsu maki:
- 和加久佐能 都麻能美許登
- 若草の妻の命
- わかくさのつまのみこと
- Wakakusa no tsuma no mikoto
- dearly beloved young wife
Pronoun
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]Used ironically from the late Heian period, expressing a sense of mild derision or ridicule.
Etymology 4
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
命 |
めい Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 命 (mjængH, “command”). Compare modern Mandarin 命 (mìng, “life, destiny, instruction”).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]- (fate): 運命 (unmei)
- (destiny): 天命 (tenmei)
- (life): 生命 (seimei)
- (lifespan): 寿命 (jumyō)
- (order): 仰, 仰せ (ōse); 命令 (meirei)
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]命 (eumhun 목숨 명 (moksum myeong))
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Ryukyuan *inoti, from Proto-Japonic *inəti.
Kanji in this term |
---|
命 |
ぬち Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]命 (nuchi)
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
命 |
いぬち Grade: 3 |
kun'yomi |
Noun
[edit]命 (inuchi)
References
[edit]- “ぬち【命】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]命: Hán Việt readings: mệnh, mạng
命: Nôm readings: mạng, mạnh, mệnh, mình
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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