松

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See also: 鬆
松 U+677E, 松
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-677E
← 杽
[U+677D] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 板 →
[U+677F]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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松 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木金戈 (DCI), four-corner 48932, composition ⿰木公)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 514, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14516
  • Dae Jaweon: page 901, character 14
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1173, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+677E

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (公) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
慃 *qroːŋʔ
袞 *kluːnʔ
蔉 *kluːnʔ
滾 *kluːnʔ
忩 *sʰloːŋ
鬆 *sqʰloːŋs, *sqʰluːŋ, *skʰloŋ, *sqʰloŋ
凇 *sqʰloːŋs, *sqʰloŋ, *sɢloŋ
公 *kloːŋ
蚣 *kloːŋ, *kljoŋ
翁 *qloːŋ
螉 *qloːŋ
蓊 *qloːŋ, *qloːŋʔ
嗡 *qloːŋ
滃 *qloːŋʔ
暡 *qloːŋʔ
勜 *qloːŋʔ
塕 *qloːŋʔ
瓮 *qloːŋs
崧 *sqʰluŋ
菘 *sqʰluŋ
硹 *sqʰluŋ
淞 *sqʰloŋ, *sɢloŋ
蜙 *sqʰloŋ
倯 *sqʰloŋ
松 *sɢloŋ
訟 *sɢloŋ, *sɢloŋs
頌 *sɢloŋs, *loŋ
忪 *kljoŋ
彸 *kljoŋ
衳 *kljoŋ
伀 *kljoŋ
妐 *kljoŋ
炂 *kljoŋ
鈆 *kljoŋ, *lon

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sɢloŋ) : semantic 木 (“wood”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ).

Etymology 1

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trad. 松
simp. # 松
alternative forms 枩
柗
梥 ancient
枀
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 松 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 松 (Cantonese)

Miyake (1997), apud Schuessler (2007), associated 松 (OC *sɢloŋ) with Old Japanese 杉 (sugi2, “cryptomeria”); superficially similar to Thai สน (sǒn, “pine”).

The regular Mandarin pronunciation as predicted from Middle Chinese is sóng. The sound change to the yinping (陰平／阴平) pronunciation in Mandarin dialects is to avoid homophony with the word 㞞／𪨊 (sóng, “semen”).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • chêng/chhêng - vernacular (chêng is more common in Xiamen and Quanzhou);
  • siông - literary.
Note:
  • sêng5 - vernacular;
  • song5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 松 (松樹)
Mandarin Beijing /suŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /suŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /suŋ²¹/
Jinan /ɕyŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /səŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /syuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /suŋ²¹/
Xining /suə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /suŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /sũn³¹/
Ürümqi /suŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /soŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /soŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /soŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /soŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /soŋ³¹/
Hefei /səŋ⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /suəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /suŋ¹³/
Hohhot /sũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /soŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /soŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /soŋ³³/
Wenzhou /jyɔ³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡sʰan⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /soŋ³³/
/t͡soŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiuŋ²⁴/ ～毛
/suŋ⁴²/ ～香
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰiuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /suŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰoŋ²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰuŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰuŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siɔŋ³⁵/
/t͡siŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /syŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sœyŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /soŋ⁵⁵/
/seŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /toŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 松
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 邪 (17)
Final (韻) 鍾 (7)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 祥容切
Baxter zjowng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/zɨoŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/zioŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/zioŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/zuawŋ/
Li
Rong 		/zioŋ/
Wang
Li 		/zĭwoŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/zi̯woŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 松
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sōng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ zjowng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*sə.ɢoŋ/
English pine (n.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 松
Reading # 1/1
No. 4115
Phonetic
component 		公
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		松
Old
Chinese 		/*sɢloŋ/

Definitions

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松

  1. pine tree
  2. a surname, 216th in the Baijiaxing

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 松 – see 鬆 (“disheveled; unkempt; loose; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 鬆).
Notes:

References

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 松
Kyūjitai
[1][2][3]
松󠄁
松+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
松󠄃
松+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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松

(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Alternative forms

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
松
まつ
Grade: 4
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Attested in the Kojiki of 712 and the Man'yōshū of 759.[4][5] In turn, from Proto-Japonic *matu.

Various theories exist regarding its ultimate origin:[4]

  • Might be a shift from 保つ (tamotsu, “to hold”). However, the accent of 保つ (tamotsu) in the Heian period is HHL, while 松 (matsu) is LH. It can be better derived from 持つ (motsu, “to hold, to carry”), which has LF accent in the Heian period.
  • Might be from 待つ (matsu, “to wait”), either from the way that a pine tree must wait for leaves to fall to grow new ones, or from the way that it lasts ten thousand years and preserves its color. The accent of 待つ (matsu) is LF.
  • Possibly derived from 全く (mataku, “entirely”), from 全い (matai, “complete”), because it spends its time in the snow for winter. However, the classical term 全し (matasi) is HHF in the Heian period.
  • From 睫毛 (matsuge, “eyelashes”), since their leaves represent such. However, it requires deletion of the -ge, and matsuge is certainly from 目 (ma-, “eye”).
  • From 真常木 (matonoki, “true eternal tree”), as the pine tree is an evergreen tree.
  • From a place name 松のむらたち (MATSU no muratachi), as opposed to muratatsu.
  • From 芽厚 (meatsu, literally “bud (that feels) hot”).
  • From 纏わる (matsuwaru, “get wrapped around”), as the leaves are around the trunk.
  • From 真 (ma-, “true”) + つ (tsu, abbreviation of 約まる (tsuzumaru, “to shrink”)).
  • From 間千 (machi, literally “space (of) thousands”).
  • A shift from 股 (mata, “crouch”), as the pine tree leaves split into two.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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松(まつ) • (matsu) ←まつ (matu)?

  1. a pine tree
  2. a pine branch decorated for the celebration of New Year
  3. the highest rank of a 3-tier ranking system
    Hypernym: 松竹梅
    Coordinate terms: 松, 竹, 梅
  4. a 家紋 (“crest”) in the shape of pine branches or needles
  5. (card games) a suit in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of January
    Coordinate terms: 松, 梅, 桜, 藤, 菖蒲, 牡丹, 萩, 芒, 菊, 紅葉, 柳, 桐
  6. (historical) Synonym of 松明 (taimastu, “torch made of a pine branch”)
  7. (nyōbo kotoba) Synonym of 松茸 (“matsutake mushroom”)

Derived terms

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Proper noun

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松(まつ) • (Matsu) 

  1. a surname

References

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  1. ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “松”, in 字通 (Jitsū)‎[1] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
  2. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1112 (paper), page 607 (digital)
  3. ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, →DOI, page 669 (paper), page 347 (digital)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 “まつ 【松】Paid subscription required”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[2] (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000-2002, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here
  5. ^ Omodaka, Hisataka (1967) 時代別国語大辞典 上代編 [The dictionary of historical Japanese: Old Japanese] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN, page 681
  6. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  7. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  8. ^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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松 (eumhun 소나무 송 (sonamu song))

  1. pine

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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松: Hán Nôm readings: tùng, thông, tòng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Zhuang

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Numeral

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松

  1. Sawndip form of song
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