前

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Translingual

Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

前 (Kangxi radical 18, 刀+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 廿月中弓 (TBLN), four-corner 80221, composition ⿱䒑刖)

Derived characters

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 140, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2011
  • Dae Jaweon: page 318, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 248, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+524D

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 前
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (前) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
媊 *ʔslel, *ʔslenʔ
煎 *ʔslen, *ʔslens
湔 *ʔslen, *ʔslens, *ʔsleːn, *zleːn
鬋 *ʔslen, *ʔslenʔ, *ʔslens
剪 *ʔslenʔ
翦 *ʔslenʔ
譾 *ʔslenʔ
揃 *ʔslenʔ
箭 *ʔslens
葥 *ʔslens
前 *zleːn
騚 *zleːn
歬 *zleːn

Originally 歬, an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 止 (“foot”) + 舟 (“boat”) – a foot on a boat moving forward. Alternatively, 舟 represents a shoe (cf. Shuowen 履: 舟象履形) — a foot with a shoe on to walk forward. In the current form, 止 is simplified to 䒑 and 舟 to 月. The current form with an additional 刀 (“knife”) is the original form of 剪 (OC *ʔslenʔ, “to cut”).

Etymology 1

trad. 前
simp. # 前
alternative forms 偂
歬

Etymology not clear (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • sèng - vernacular;
  • cièng - literary.
Note:
  • chêng/chûiⁿ/châiⁿ - vernacular;
  • chiân - literary;
  • chûn - vernacular (limited, e.g. 前年 (qiánnián));
  • chân - vernacular (limited).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 前
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian³⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/ ～天
/t͡ɕʰian²¹³/ 跟～兒
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁵/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã⁴²/
Qingdao /t͡sʰiã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /t͡sʰian⁴²/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²⁴/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã²⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁵³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁵¹/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /t͡sʰien²⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
/t͡ɕie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ʑi²³/
Suzhou /ziɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /d͡ʑd͡ʑiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ji³¹/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /t͡siẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /d͡ziẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn²⁴/
Hakka Meixian /t͡sʰien¹¹/
Taoyuan /t͡sʰien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡sʰin²¹/
Nanning /t͡sʰin²¹/
Hong Kong /t͡sʰin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /t͡sian³⁵/
/t͡siŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /t͡sieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /t͡sʰiŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /t͡sõi⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /sin³¹/
/tai³¹/
/tun³¹/
Rime
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 從 (15)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 昨先切
Baxter dzen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/d͡zen/
Pan
Wuyun 		/d͡zen/
Shao
Rongfen 		/d͡zɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/d͡zɛn/
Li
Rong 		/d͡zen/
Wang
Li 		/d͡zien/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/d͡zʱien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		qián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cin4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		qián
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dzen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[dz]ˁen/ (~ *m-dzˁen)
English before

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 前
Reading # 1/1
No. 10256
Phonetic
component 		前
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		前
Old
Chinese 		/*zleːn/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 前

This entry needs quotations to illustrate usage. If you come across any interesting, durably archived quotes then please add them!
  1. front; forepart
    Template:zh-ant
    前方  ―  qiánfāng  ―  front
    前門／前门  ―  qiánmén  ―  front door
  2. ago
    以前  ―  yǐqián  ―  previously; ago
    五天前  ―  wǔ tiān qián  ―  five days ago
  3. past; previous; former
    前任  ―  qiánrèn  ―  predecessor
    前功盡棄／前功尽弃  ―  qiángōngjìnqì  ―  all the previous effort is wasted
  4. top
    前三名  ―  qián sān míng  ―  top three
  5. future; time ahead
    前程  ―  qiánchéng  ―  future; prospects
  6. to move forward
    勇往直前  ―  yǒngwǎngzhíqián  ―  to advance bravely
  7. a surname

Compounds

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Descendants

Sino-Xenic (前):
  • → Japanese: 前(ぜん) (zen)
  • → Korean: 전(前) (jeon)
  • → Vietnamese: tiền (前)

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 前 – see 剪 (“to cut”).
(This character is an ancient form of 剪).

Further reading

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

前

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. in front
  2. before

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
前
まえ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese as a compound of 目 (ma, “eye”) +‎ 方 (pe, “direction, -wards”).[1][2]

/mape/ → /maɸe/ → /mawe/ → /maje/ → /mae/

Pronunciation

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Noun

前(まえ) • (mae) ←まへ (mafe)?

  1. the front
    前(まえ)へ進(すす)む
    mae e susumu
    to advance forwards
    (literally, “to advance towards the front”)
    Antonym: 後ろ (ushiro)
  2. the past
    前(まえ)から気(き)になってたんだけど […]
    mae kara ki ni natteta n da kedo […]
    I've been thinking about it for a while, but […]
    ずっと前(まえ)からそう思(おも)ってた
    zutto mae kara sō omotteta
    I've thought that for ages
    (literally, “I've been thinking that way since forever ago”)
    前(まえ)にも言(い)ったように
    mae ni mo itta yō ni
    as I've said before
    (literally, “just as I have said in the past”)
    Antonym: 後 (ato)
  3. previous
    前(まえ)の記(き)事(じ)
    mae no kiji
    previous entries
    Antonym: 次 (tsugi)

Suffix

前(まえ) or 前(suffix) • (mae or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|まえ]]

  1. a portion, an amount
    六(ろく)人(にん)前(まえ)の御(ご)膳(ぜん)
    rokunin-mae no go-zen
    a banquet for six people

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
前
さき
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

前(さき) • (saki) 

  1. Alternative spelling of 先

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
前
ぜん
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 前 (dzen). Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Mandarin 前 (qián).

Pronunciation

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Counter

前(ぜん) or 前(counter) • (zen or counter) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|せん']]

  1. counter for irregularly shaped objects such as desks, armrests, and serving trays
  2. counter for kami and shrines

Prefix

前(ぜん) or 前(prefix) • (zen or prefix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|せん']]

  1. the last, the previous
  2. pre- (of an era)

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
前
ぜ
Grade: 2
kan’yōon

Contraction of 御(ご)前(ぜ) (goze), itself a contraction of 御(ご)前(ぜん) (go-zen), an honorific form of address.[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Suffix

前(ぜ) or 前(suffix) • (ze or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|せ']]

  1. (rare) an honorific suffix added to a noun denoting a person
    尼(あま)前(ぜ)
    ama-ze
    (honorable) nun

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

前 (eum 전 (jeon))

  1. front (direction)
  2. before

Vietnamese

Han character

前: Hán Nôm readings: tiền, tèn

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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