Appendix:Santali Swadesh list

This is a Swadesh list of words in Santali, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

No.	English	Santali Ho̱ṛ roṛ (ᱦᱚᱲ ᱨᱚᱲ)
1	I	Iń (ᱤᱧ)
2	you (singular)	am (ᱟᱢ)
3	he, she, it	ać
4	we	Ạliń/ᱟᱹᱞᱤᱧ (dual exclusive) Alaṅ/ᱟᱞᱟᱝ (dual inclusive) Abo̱/ᱟᱵᱚ (plural inclusive), Ale/ᱟᱞᱮ (plural inclusive)
5	you (plural)	Aben/ᱟᱵᱮᱱ(dual), Ape/ᱟᱯᱮ (plular)
6	they	Onko/ᱚᱱᱠᱚ
7	this	Niạ/ᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ
8	that	Hana/ᱦᱟᱱᱟ
9	here	Note/ᱱᱚᱛᱮ
10	there	Onte/ᱚᱱᱛᱮ
11	who	Okoe/ᱚᱠᱚᱭ
12	what	cet́/ᱪᱮᱫ
13	where	Okare/ᱚᱠᱟᱨᱮ
14	when	Tinre/ᱛᱤᱱᱨᱮ
15	how	Cekate/ᱪᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ
16	not	Baṅ/ᱵᱟᱝ
17	all	Jo̱to̱/ᱡᱚᱛᱚ
18	many	Aema/ᱟᱭᱢᱟ, Saṅge/ᱥᱟᱝᱜᱮ
19	some	Adom/ᱟᱫᱚᱢ
20	few	Nase/ᱱᱟᱥᱮ
21	other	eṭaḱ/ᱮᱴᱟᱜ
22	one	mit́/ᱢᱤᱫ
23	two	bar/ᱵᱟᱨ
24	three	Pe/ᱯᱮ
25	four	Pon/ᱯᱚᱱ
26	five	Mõ̱ṛe/ᱢᱚᱬᱮ
27	big	Maraṅ/ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ
28	long	Je̱le̱ń/ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱧ
29	wide	Osar/ᱚᱥᱟᱨ
30	thick	Mo̱ṭa/ᱢᱚᱴᱟ
31	heavy	hamal/ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ
32	small	Huḍiń/ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ
33	short	Khaṭoᱹ/ᱠᱷᱟᱴᱚ
34	narrow	sakṛa/ᱥᱟᱠᱲᱟ
35	thin	nanha/ᱱᱟᱱᱦᱟ
36	woman	era/ᱮᱨᱟ ,maejiu/ᱢᱟᱭᱡᱤᱣ
37	man (adult male)	herel/ᱦᱮᱨᱮᱞ
38	man (human being)	manwa/ᱢᱟᱱᱣᱟ
39	child	hopon/ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ
40	wife	era/ᱮᱨᱟ , bạhu/ᱵᱟᱹᱦᱩ
41	husband	koa, herel
42	mother	ênga
43	father	apu
44	animal
45	fish	hai, hakô
46	bird	oe, chẽṛẽ, cheẽ
47	dog	sêta
48	louse	sêkô
49	snake	biń, biṅ
50	worm	chidu
51	tree	daru, siń
52	forest	bir
53	stick	jaṭa
54	fruit	jó
55	seed	jaṅ, hitâ
56	leaf	sakam
57	root	reht́
58	bark (of a tree)	harta
59	flower	bah
60	grass	tasat́
61	rope	bayar, paga
62	skin	uũr
63	meat	jêlô
64	blood	mayom
65	bone	jaṅ
66	fat (noun)	itil
67	egg	jarom, bêlê
68	horn	dêrêń, dêrêṅ
69	tail	chat́lom
70	feather	ĩâl
71	hair	uṕ
72	head	bohḱ
73	ear	lutur
74	eye	met́
75	nose	muṭâ
76	mouth	á, môcha
77	tooth	daṭa, ḍaṭa
78	tongue (organ)	leḱ
79	fingernail	sarsar
80	foot	jaṅga, kaṭa
81	leg	kaṭa
82	knee	mukui
83	hand	tí
84	wing	aparoṕ
85	belly	láć
86	guts	pôṭa
87	neck	hotoḱ
88	back	doya
89	breast	nunu
90	heart	súr
91	liver	ím
92	to drink	nú
93	to eat	jom
94	to bite	haṕ
95	to suck	chopot́
96	to spit	beḱ
97	to vomit	ulâ
98	to blow	oṅ
99	to breathe	saet́
100	to laugh	landa
101	to see	nel
102	to hear	ayum
103	to know	chirgâl, adaê
104	to think	uḍuḱ
105	to smell	jiĩ
106	to fear	boroê
107	to sleep	duumoḱ
108	to live	taênn
109	to die	gojoḱ, goćoḱ
110	to kill	goć
111	to fight	gopoć
112	to hunt	sangar
113	to hit	dal, tam
114	to cut	hat́, get́
115	to split	paaḱ
116	to stab	soboḱ, roḱ
117	to scratch	gotaḱ, geleć
118	to dig	ur
119	to swim	oyar
120	to fly	apir
121	to walk	sen
122	to come	hujuḱ
123	to lie (as in a bed)	gitić
124	to sit	duṕ
125	to stand	têngô
126	to turn (intransitive)	biuroḱ
127	to fall	iuḱú, iuḱoḱ
128	to give	em
129	to hold	saṕ
130	to squeeze	róć
131	to rub	gosoḱ
132	to wash	abuṅ, aṕ
133	to wipe	jot́
134	to pull	or, rachaḱ
135	to push	udur
136	to throw	hurlâ, hudumâ, húmâ, eḍaḱ
137	to tie	tol
138	to sew	gaḱ
139	to count	leka
140	to say	men
141	to sing	durâṅ
142	to play	ênôṅ
143	to float	bôal
144	to flow	lingi, haḍi
145	to freeze	sakit́
146	to swell	mó
147	sun	singi
148	moon	chanḍuḱ
149	star	ipil
150	water	daḱ
151	rain	gama
152	river	gaḍa, nai
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt	buluṅ
156	stone	diri
157	sand	gitil
158	dust	ḍulit́
159	earth	ote
160	cloud	rimil
161	fog	pukât́
162	sky	sêrmâ
163	wind	hoyo
164	snow	rataṅ
165	ice	aril
166	smoke	moḱ
167	fire	sengel
168	ash	toroć
169	to burn	ló
170	road	hôra
171	mountain	buru
172	red	araḱ
173	green	gadet́
174	yellow	sasaṅ
175	white	pônḍi
176	black	hende
177	night	nidâ
178	day	singi
179	year	sêrmâ
180	warm	ôrgôm
181	cold	rabaṅ, sásá
182	full	pereć
183	new	nama
184	old	papari
185	good	bôgên
186	bad	et́kan
187	rotten	sôya
188	dirty	nolat́
189	straight	muli
190	round	ḍúl
191	sharp (as a knife)	leser
192	dull (as a knife)	kanḍi
193	smooth	júr
194	wet	lum, oda, jĩa
195	dry	rooh
196	correct
197	near	japaḱ, naeć
198	far	saniṅ, sangin
199	right	etom, joóm paa
200	left	lenga, końje
201	at	re, taḱ
202	in	re
203	with	loḱ
204	and	oḍoḱ
205	if	redo
206	because	mente
207	name	nutum