ér
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See also: Appendix:Variations of "er"
Hungarian
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Arm_veins_-_20090522.jpg/220px-Arm_veins_-_20090522.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun_-_edit.jpg/220px-Taro_leaf_underside%2C_backlit_by_sun_-_edit.jpg)
From Proto-Uralic *särä. Cognates include Northern Mansi та̄р (tār, “root”).
Noun
[edit]ér (plural erek)
- (anatomy) blood vessel (artery, vein, or capillary)
- (botany) vein (a thickened portion of the leaf containing the vascular bundle)
Declension
[edit]Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ér | erek |
accusative | eret | ereket |
dative | érnek | ereknek |
instrumental | érrel | erekkel |
causal-final | érért | erekért |
translative | érré | erekké |
terminative | érig | erekig |
essive-formal | érként | erekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | érben | erekben |
superessive | eren | ereken |
adessive | érnél | ereknél |
illative | érbe | erekbe |
sublative | érre | erekre |
allative | érhez | erekhez |
elative | érből | erekből |
delative | érről | erekről |
ablative | értől | erektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
éré | ereké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
éréi | erekéi |
Possessive forms of ér | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | erem | ereim |
2nd person sing. | ered | ereid |
3rd person sing. | ere | erei |
1st person plural | erünk | ereink |
2nd person plural | eretek | ereitek |
3rd person plural | erük | ereik |
Derived terms
[edit]Compound words
Etymology 2
[edit]Controversial origin:
- From ér (“blood vessel”).
- From Proto-Uralic *šerɜ (“creek”).
Noun
[edit]ér (plural erek)
Declension
[edit]Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | ér | erek |
accusative | eret | ereket |
dative | érnek | ereknek |
instrumental | érrel | erekkel |
causal-final | érért | erekért |
translative | érré | erekké |
terminative | érig | erekig |
essive-formal | érként | erekként |
essive-modal | — | — |
inessive | érben | erekben |
superessive | eren | ereken |
adessive | érnél | ereknél |
illative | érbe | erekbe |
sublative | érre | erekre |
allative | érhez | erekhez |
elative | érből | erekből |
delative | érről | erekről |
ablative | értől | erektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
éré | ereké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
éréi | erekéi |
Possessive forms of ér | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | erem | ereim |
2nd person sing. | ered | ereid |
3rd person sing. | ere | erei |
1st person plural | erünk | ereink |
2nd person plural | eretek | ereitek |
3rd person plural | erük | ereik |
Derived terms
[edit]Compound words
Etymology 3
[edit]Uncertain; perhaps from a Turkic language, compare Uyghur [script needed] (är-), Chagatai [script needed] (ir-), Turkish er- (“to reach”) verb forms.[1] The second main meaning derives from the first, ér (“to reach”).[2]
Verb
[edit]ér
- (heading) To reach or extend until a point.
- (intransitive) to reach (a place), arrive, get somewhere (lative suffixes)
- 1863, János Arany, Buda halála[1], canto 6:
- Értek vala éjszakára / Kur vizének a partjára; / Folyóvíznek partja mellett / Paripájok jól legelhet.
- They find themselves as daylight sinks / where Kur’s broad waters sweep and swell. / On meadows by the river-brinks / their weary steeds may pasture well.[2]
- (intransitive) to touch something (lative suffixes)
- (intransitive) to reach, stretch, extend as far as something (-ig) (to be long or deep or high enough)
- A szekrény a falig ér. ― The wardrobe extends as far as the wall.
- A víz a derekamig ér. ― The water comes / rises up to my waist.
- (transitive) to hit, strike, afflict someone; meet with, be faced with something (of a disaster or sometimes luck)
- A szomszédomat baleset érte. ― My neighbor had / met with an accident.
- (transitive) to catch someone (to discover unexpectedly; to surprise)
- Synonym: rajtakap
- 1974, Leo Tolstoy (author), László Németh (translator), Anna Karenina [Anna Karenina], Bucharest: Kriterion Könyvkiadó (1989), →ISBN, volume 1, part 1, chapter 1, page 7:
- Az történt vele ebben a pillanatban, ami az emberrel történni szokott, ha váratlanul igen szégyenletes dolgon érik. Arcát nem tudta a helyzethez szabni, amelybe bűne felfedésével a felesége előtt került.
- There happened to him at that instant what does happen to people when they are unexpectedly caught in something very disgraceful. He did not succeed in adapting his face to the position in which he was placed towards his wife by the discovery of his fault.
- (transitive) to be able to use something (-val/-vel) meaningfully, to be of use to someone
- (intransitive) to reach (a place), arrive, get somewhere (lative suffixes)
- (heading) To have some value or validity.
Usage notes
[edit]- This verb is a member of one of those (few) quasi-homonymous verb pairs that exist both with and without an -ik ending. All (intransitive) suffixed forms of these pairs are identical (sometimes they can even have derived forms that coincide), with the exception of their dictionary form (the third-person singular indicative present, with or without -ik). However, the meaning of these pairs is usually distinct, sometimes unrelated. Examples include (fel)áldoz–(le)áldozik, bán–bánik, (meg)bíz–(meg)bízik, ér–érik, esz (rare)–eszik, hajol–hajlik, (felül)múl–(el)múlik, (hozzá)nyúl–nyúlik, (el)vesz–(el)veszik~(el)vész, and tör–törik (along with their verbal prefixes), hall–hallik (archaic), érez–érzik (archaic), sometimes with some difference: (el)hibáz–hibádzik, (le)torkol–torkollik. Therefore one may well need to check the context and the arguments to ascertain which member of the verb pair is relevant.
Conjugation
[edit]conjugation of ér
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | érek | érsz | ér | érünk | értek | érnek | |
Def. | érem | éred | éri | érjük | éritek | érik | |||
2nd-p. o. | érlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | értem | értél | ért | értünk | értetek | értek | ||
Def. | értem | érted | érte | értük | értétek | érték | |||
2nd-p. o. | értelek | ― | |||||||
Future | Future is expressed with a present-tense verb with a completion-marking prefix and/or a time adverb, or—more explicitly—with the infinitive plus the conjugated auxiliary verb fog, e.g. érni fog. | ||||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | érék | érél | ére | érénk | érétek | érének | ||
Def. | érém | éréd | éré | érénk | érétek | érék | |||
2nd-p. o. | érélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala (volt), e.g. ér vala, ért vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | érendek | érendesz | érend | érendünk | érendetek | érendenek | ||
Def. | érendem | érended | érendi | érendjük | érenditek | érendik | |||
2nd-p. o. | érendelek | ― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | érnék | érnél | érne | érnénk | érnétek | érnének | |
Def. | érném | érnéd | érné | érnénk (or érnők) |
érnétek | érnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | érnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. ért volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | érjek | érj or érjél |
érjen | érjünk | érjetek | érjenek | |
Def. | érjem | érd or érjed |
érje | érjük | érjétek | érjék | |||
2nd-p. o. | érjelek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. ért légyen | ||||||||
Infinitive | érni | érnem | érned | érnie | érnünk | érnetek | érniük | ||
Other forms |
Verbal noun | Present part. | Past part. | Future part. | Adverbial participle | Causative | |||
érés | érő | ért | érendő | érve (érvén) | |||||
The archaic passive conjugation had the same -(t)at/-(t)et suffix as the causative, followed by -ik in the 3rd-person singular (and the concomitant changes in conditional and subjunctive mostly in the 1st- and 3rd-person singular like with other traditional -ik verbs). | |||||||||
potential conjugation of ér
Click for archaic forms | 1st person sg | 2nd person sg informal |
3rd person sg, 2nd p. sg formal |
1st person pl | 2nd person pl informal |
3rd person pl, 2nd p. pl formal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indicative mood |
Present | Indef. | érhetek | érhetsz | érhet | érhetünk | érhettek | érhetnek | |
Def. | érhetem | érheted | érheti | érhetjük | érhetitek | érhetik | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhetlek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indef. | érhettem | érhettél | érhetett | érhettünk | érhettetek | érhettek | ||
Def. | érhettem | érhetted | érhette | érhettük | érhettétek | érhették | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhettelek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Preterit |
Indef. | érheték | érhetél | érhete | érheténk | érhetétek | érhetének | ||
Def. | érhetém | érhetéd | érheté | érheténk | érhetétek | érheték | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhetélek | ― | |||||||
Archaic Past | Two additional past tenses: the present and the (current) past forms followed by vala, e.g. érhet vala, érhetett vala/volt. | ||||||||
Archaic Future |
Indef. | érhetendek or érandhatok |
érhetendesz or érandhatsz |
érhetend or érandhat |
érhetendünk or érandhatunk |
érhetendetek or érandhattok |
érhetendenek or érandhatnak | ||
Def. | érhetendem or érandhatom |
érhetended or érandhatod |
érhetendi or érandhatja |
érhetendjük or érandhatjuk |
érhetenditek or érandhatjátok |
érhetendik or érandhatják | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhetendelek or érandhatlak |
― | |||||||
Conditional mood |
Present | Indef. | érhetnék | érhetnél | érhetne | érhetnénk | érhetnétek | érhetnének | |
Def. | érhetném | érhetnéd | érhetné | érhetnénk (or érhetnők) |
érhetnétek | érhetnék | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhetnélek | ― | |||||||
Past | Indicative past forms followed by volna, e.g. érhetett volna | ||||||||
Subjunctive mood |
Present | Indef. | érhessek | érhess or érhessél |
érhessen | érhessünk | érhessetek | érhessenek | |
Def. | érhessem | érhesd or érhessed |
érhesse | érhessük | érhessétek | érhessék | |||
2nd-p. o. | érhesselek | ― | |||||||
(Archaic) Past | Indicative past forms followed by légyen, e.g. érhetett légyen | ||||||||
Inf. | (érhetni) | (érhetnem) | (érhetned) | (érhetnie) | (érhetnünk) | (érhetnetek) | (érhetniük) | ||
Positive adjective | érhető | Neg. adj. | érhetetlen | Adv. part. | (érhetve / érhetvén) | ||||
Derived terms
[edit]For the first main meaning: to reach or extend until a point
(With verbal prefixes):
Expressions
For the second main meaning: to have some value or validity
(With verbal prefixes):
Expressions
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ ér² in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’), Second, revised and expanded edition, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2021, page 207, →ISBN. (See also the PDF of its 1st edition.)
- ^ ér¹ in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (’Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’), Second, revised and expanded edition, Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2021, page 206, →ISBN. (See also the PDF of its 1st edition.)
Further reading
[edit]- (blood vessel; streamlet): ér in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (to reach; to have value): ér in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’, abbr.: ÉrtSz.). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- ér in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (‘A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2024)
Anagrams
[edit]Mandarin
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Romanization
[edit]- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 侕
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 児
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 兒/儿
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 唲
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 栭
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 洏
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 而
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 耏
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 聏
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 胹
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 荋
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 袻
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 輀/𮝵
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 轜
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 陑
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 隭
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 髵
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 鮞/鲕
- Hanyu Pinyin reading of 鴯/鸸
Old Norse
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- *īʀ — Old East Norse
- þér — younger form
Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Germanic *jīz, Northwest Germanic form of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́. The vowel change of long ī to long é is due to West Norse R-umlaut, caused by the Proto-Germanic -z, which in Proto-Norse changed to a -R sound, before merging with regular r. The East Norse form is thus ír.
Pronoun
[edit]ér (Old West Norse)
Declension
[edit]Old Norse personal pronouns
number | first person | second person | reflexive | third person | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
case | singular | singular masculine | singular feminine | singular neuter | ||
nominative | ek | þú | hann | hon, hón, hǫ́n | þat | |
accusative | mik | þik | sik | hann | hana, hána | þat |
dative | mér | þér | sér | hánum, hónum, hǫ́num | henni | því |
genitive | mín | þín | sín | hans | hennar | þess |
case | dual | |||||
nominative | vit | it, þit | ||||
accusative | okkr | ykkr | sik | |||
dative | okkr | ykkr | sér | |||
genitive | okkar | ykkar | sín | |||
case | plural | plural masculine | plural feminine | plural neuter | ||
nominative | vér | ér, þér | þeir | þær | þau | |
accusative | oss | yðr | sik | þá | þær | þau |
dative | oss | yðr | sér | þeim | þeim | þeim |
genitive | vár | yðar, yðvar | sín | þeira, þeirra | þeira, þeirra | þeira, þeirra |
Descendants
[edit]Categories:
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Hungarian terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Hungarian/eːr
- Rhymes:Hungarian/eːr/1 syllable
- Hungarian terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian nouns
- hu:Anatomy
- hu:Botany
- Hungarian nouns with alternating stems
- Hungarian terms with unknown etymologies
- Hungarian terms derived from Turkic languages
- Hungarian verbs
- Hungarian intransitive verbs
- Hungarian verbs taking lative suffixes
- Hungarian terms with quotations
- Hungarian terms with usage examples
- Hungarian verbs taking -ig
- Hungarian transitive verbs
- Hungarian verbs taking -val/-vel
- Hungarian two-letter words
- Hungarian terms with multiple lemma etymologies
- Hungarian terms with multiple noun etymologies
- Hungarian terms with noun and verb etymologies
- Hanyu Pinyin
- Mandarin non-lemma forms
- Old Norse terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Norse terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Norse lemmas
- Old Norse pronouns
- Old West Norse