寒

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寒 U+5BD2, 寒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5BD2
← 寑
[U+5BD1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 寓 →
[U+5BD3]
See also: 寨

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

寒 (Kangxi radical 40, 宀+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 十廿金卜 (JTCY), four-corner 30303, composition ⿱𡨄⺀(GTJV) or ⿱𡨄冫(K))

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 289, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7239
  • Dae Jaweon: page 572, character 10
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 941, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5BD2

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 寒
alternative forms 𡫾
𡫜
𡫮

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 寒
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (寒) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
寒 *ɡaːn
蹇 *kranʔ, *kanʔ
謇 *kranʔ
搴 *kranʔ, *kʰran
藆 *kranʔ
騫 *kʰran
褰 *kʰran
攐 *kʰran
鑳 *ɡranʔ
寋 *ɡanʔ
鶱 *qʰan

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 宀 (“house”) + 人 (“person”) + 茻 (“grass”) – a person in a house, sleeping in the grass to protect from the cold. In some bronze inscriptions, 二 is added at the bottom of the character; this may simply be decorative or may represent a mat. In the seal script, 二 is changed to 仌 (“ice”) to emphasize its meaning of coldness.

Contrast 宿.

Etymology[edit]

Unknown (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hàng - “cold; poor; to fear”;
  • gàng - “affected by the cold; chilled”.
Note:
  • hân - literary;
  • kôaⁿ - vernacular;
  • gân - vernacular (俗).
Note:
  • hang5 - literary;
  • guan5 - vernacular.
Rime
Character 寒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 胡安切
Baxter han
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦan/
Li
Rong 		/ɣɑn/
Wang
Li 		/ɣɑn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hán
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hon4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 寒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hán
Middle
Chinese 		‹ han ›
Old
Chinese 		/*Cə.[ɡ]ˁa[n]/
English cold

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 寒
Reading # 1/1
No. 4870
Phonetic
component 		寒
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		寒
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡaːn/

Definitions[edit]

寒

  1. cold; wintry; chilly
  2. poor; poverty-stricken
  3. humble; petty and low
  4. desolate; deserted
  5. dreary; miserable
  6. withered; limp
  7. (humble) my
    寒舍  ―  hánshè  ―  (one's own) humble home
  8. to feel cold
  9. to fear; to dread
  10. winter
  11. cold weather; cold day or night
  12. (traditional Chinese medicine) cold; chill
  13. (～日) (telegraphy) the fourteenth day of a month

Synonyms[edit]

  • (cold): 冷 (lěng)
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Yantai (Muping) 冷
Jinan 冷
Luoyang 冷
Wanrong 冷
Xi'an 冷
Yinchuan 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
Guilin 冷
Liuzhou 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Singapore 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Lichuan 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Shishi 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an 寒
Dongshan 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 凝
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
Wu Shanghai 冷
Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
Danyang 冷
Hangzhou 冷
Ningbo 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Lishui 冷
Jinhua 冷
Yushan 凊
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Japanese[edit]

FWOTD – 21 December 2020
Shinjitai 寒
Kyūjitai
[1]
寒󠄁
寒+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
寒󠄃
寒+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji[edit]

寒

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. cold

Readings[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
寒
かん
Grade: 3
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han).

The basic cold sense as an affix is attested from some of the earliest texts in the 700s CE.[2] Use as an independent noun is first attested in a text from roughly 900 CE.[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Affix[edit]

寒(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from 700s] cold, chilly
  2. [from early 1800s] (by extension) poor, poverty-stricken
  3. [from 900s] midwinter, cold season

Derived terms[edit]

Derived terms

Noun[edit]

寒(かん) • (kan) 

  1. [from circa 900] cold, coldness
  2. [from 1275] midwinter, cold season
    • a haiku by Matsuo Bashō:
      干(かん)鮭(ざけ)も　空(くう)也(や)の痩(やせ)も　寒(かん)の内(うち)
      kanzake mo Kūya no yase mo kan no uchi
      Salted salmon too, also Kūya's thinning too, in the cold season

References[edit]

  1. ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 685 (paper), page 392 (digital)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006) 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998) NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 寒 (MC han). Recorded as Middle Korean 한 (han) (Yale: han) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

寒 (eumhun 찰 한 (chal han))

  1. Hanja form? of 한 (“cold; chilly”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

寒: Hán Việt readings: hàn (河(hà)干(can)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
寒: Nôm readings: hàn[1][2][4][6]

  1. chữ Hán form of hàn (“coldness”).

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ^ Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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