雄

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雄 U+96C4, 雄
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C4
← 雃
[U+96C3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 雅 →
[U+96C5]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

雄 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 大戈人土 (KIOG), four-corner 40014, composition ⿰厷隹)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1365, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41972
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+96C4

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 雄
2nd round simp. 厷
alternative forms 䧺

Glyph origin[edit]

Characters in the same phonetic series (厷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
肱 *kʷɯːŋ
宏 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
閎 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
吰 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
竑 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
谹 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
翃 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
紘 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
鈜 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
浤 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
耾 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
雄 *ɡʷɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡʷɯŋ): phonetic 厷 (OC *kʷɯːŋ) + semantic 隹.

Etymology[edit]

Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis, male”) (STEDT), cognate with Karbi chò-kàng (“penis”), Garo ri-gong (“penis”), Lepcha [script needed] (sun̊-gan̊, “penis”), Pattani gàŋ mì (“male”).

However, Zev Handel doubts the Old Chinese word's cognate status, as "OC labialized initial plus schwa vocalism would normally correspond to a rounded vowel in PTB".

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • hiông - literary;
  • hêng/hîn - vernacular.
Note:
  • hiong5 - literary;
  • hêng5 - vernacular.
  • Wu
    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location 雄
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕyŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ɕyŋ²⁴/
    /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕyŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ɕyŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ɕyuŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /ɕyŋ²⁴/
    Xining /ɕyə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕyŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ɕỹn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
    Wuhan /ɕioŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /ɕyoŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /ɕioŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ɕiŋ³¹/
    Nanjing /ɕioŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /ɕyŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /ɕỹŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦioŋ²³/
    Suzhou /ɦioŋ¹³/
    Hangzhou /ɦioŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /joŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /ɕin⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ɕioŋ¹³/
    Xiangtan /ɕin¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /hiuŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /hioŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ²¹/
    Nanning /huŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /huŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /hiɔŋ³⁵/
    /hiŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Min Dong) /hyŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Min Bei) /xœyŋ²¹/
    /xœyŋ³³/
    Shantou (Min Nan) /hioŋ⁵⁵/
    /heŋ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Min Nan) /hiɔŋ³¹/
    /hiaŋ³¹/
    Rime
    Character 雄
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial (聲) 云 (35)
    Final (韻) 東 (2)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 羽弓切
    Baxter hjuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/ɦɨuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/ɦiuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/ɣiuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/ɦuwŋ/
    Li
    Rong         		/ɣiuŋ/
    Wang
    Li         		/ɣĭuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren         		/i̯uŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		yóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		jung4
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 雄
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		xióng
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ hjuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*[ɢ]ʷəŋ/
    English male

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 雄
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 4140
    Phonetic
    component         		厷
    Rime
    group         		蒸
    Rime
    subdivision         		0
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		雄
    Old
    Chinese         		/*ɡʷɯŋ/

    Definitions[edit]

    雄

    1. (usually of animals) male
      雄虎  ―  xióng hǔ  ―  male tiger
      雄蕊  ―  xióngruǐ  ―  stamen
    2. masculine; powerful; grand
      雄兵  ―  xióngbīng  ―  powerful army
      雄壯／雄壮  ―  xióngzhuàng  ―  majestic; magnificent
    3. powerful or influential person or state
      英雄  ―  yīngxióng  ―  hero
      戰國七雄／战国七雄  ―  Zhànguó qī xióng  ―  Seven Warring States
    4. (Hokkien) ruthless; cruel; mean
    5. (Hokkien) intense; rapid
      alt. forms: 兇／凶 (xiōng)

    Usage notes[edit]

    • Commonly used for animals to mean “male” in academic contexts, less commonly used in non-academic contexts (use 公 instead), and not used for humans (use 男 instead). For example:
      雄雞／雄鸡  ―  xióngjī  ―  cock
      雄牛  ―  xióngniú  ―  bull

    Antonyms[edit]

    • 雌 (cí, “female”)

    Compounds[edit]

    Descendants[edit]

    Sino-Xenic (雄):
    • → Japanese: 雄(ゆう) (yū)

    References[edit]

    Japanese[edit]

    Kanji[edit]

    雄

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    Readings[edit]

    Etymology 1[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    雄
    ゆう
    Grade: S
    on’yomi

    From Middle Chinese 雄 (hjuwng, “male”).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    雄(ゆう) • (yū) 

    1. male
    2. something or someone excellent (male)
      一(いっ)世(せい)の雄(ゆう)
      issei no yū
      one of the greatest men of his generation
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 2[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    雄
    お
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spellings
    男
    牡
    夫

    /wo/ → /o/

    From Old Japanese. Persists in compounds, such as the first element o- in the modern Japanese term 夫(おっと) (wohito > otto, “husband”).[2][1]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    雄(お) • (o) ←を (wo)?

    1. (obsolete in isolation) man, male
      • 711–712, Kojiki (上巻 [Kamitsumaki])
        汝(な)こそは遠(を)にいませば
        na koso wa o ni imaseba
        As you yourself be male / a man...
    2. (obsolete) husband
      • 711–712, Kojiki (上巻 [Kamitsumaki])
        吾(わ)はもよ女(め)にしあれば汝(な)を除(き)て男(を)は無(な)し汝(な)を除(き)て夫(つま)は無(な)し
        wa wa moyo me ni shiareba na o kite o wa nashi na o kite tsuma wa nashi
        As I am a woman, without you, there are no husbands. Without you, there are no wives...
    3. something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine
      雄(お)叫(たけ)び／雄(お)滝(だき)／大(ますら)夫(お)
      otakebi／odaki／masurao
      a war cry / the larger of two waterfalls / manliness
    4. yang (as opposed to yin)
      女(め)男(お)、陰(め)陽(お)
      meo, meo
      yin-yang (two different kanji spellings, same reading and derivation)
    Usage notes[edit]
    • Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.
    Antonyms[edit]
    Derived terms[edit]
    Derived terms

    Etymology 3[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    雄
    おす
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi
    Alternative spelling
    牡

    /wosu/ → /osu/

    Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ す (su), but the derivation of the su element is unknown.

    See also the etymology of 雌 (mesu).

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    雄(おす) • (osu) ←をす (wosu)?

    1. a male (plant or animal)
    Usage notes[edit]
    • This is the most common reading of this term in modern Japanese when used as a standalone noun.
    • Only used to refer to non-human male organisms.
    • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as オス.
    Synonyms[edit]
    Antonyms[edit]

    Etymology 4[edit]

    Kanji in this term
    雄
    おん
    Grade: S
    kun’yomi

    /won/ → /on/

    Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ ん (n). The latter -n element might be a contraction of the possessive particle の (no).

    Alternative forms[edit]

    Pronunciation[edit]

    Noun[edit]

    雄(おん) • (on) ←をん (won)?

    1. male
    Usage notes[edit]
    • Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.
    Derived terms[edit]

    References[edit]

    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
    2. ^ 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

    Korean[edit]

    Hanja[edit]

    雄 (eumhun 수컷 웅 (sukeot ung))

    1. Hanja form? of 웅 (“(usually of animals) male”).

    Compounds[edit]

    Vietnamese[edit]

    Han character[edit]

    雄: Hán Nôm readings: Hùng

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