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雄

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
雄 U+96C4, 雄
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-96C4
← 雃
[U+96C3] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 雅 →
[U+96C5]

Translingual

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Han character

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雄 (Kangxi radical 172, 隹+4, 12 strokes, cangjie input 大戈人土 (KIOG), four-corner 40014, composition ⿰厷隹)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1365, character 12
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41972
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1869, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4093, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+96C4

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 雄
2nd round simp. 厷
alternative forms 䧺

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (厷) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
肱 *kʷɯːŋ
宏 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
閎 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
吰 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
竑 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
谹 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
翃 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
紘 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
鈜 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
浤 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
耾 *ɡʷrɯːŋ
雄 *ɡʷɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡʷɯŋ): phonetic 厷 (OC *kʷɯːŋ) + semantic 隹.

Etymology

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Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gaŋ (“penis, male”) (STEDT), cognate with Karbi chò-kàng (“penis”), Garo ri-gong (“penis”), Lepcha ᰠᰫᰵᰃᰦᰵ (sun̊-gan̊, “penis”), Pattani gàŋ mì (“male”).

However, Zev Handel doubts the Old Chinese word's cognate status, as "OC labialized initial plus schwa vocalism would normally correspond to a rounded vowel in PTB".

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hoeng2/hyoeng2 - literary;
  • horng2 - vernacular.
Note:
  • hiông - literary;
  • hêng/hîn - vernacular.
Note:
  • hiong5 - literary;
  • hêng5 - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 雄
Mandarin Beijing /ɕyŋ³⁵/
Harbin /ɕyŋ²⁴/
/ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /ɕyŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /ɕyŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /ɕiŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ɕyuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /ɕyŋ²⁴/
Xining /ɕyə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /ɕyŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /ɕỹn⁵³/
Ürümqi /ɕyŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /ɕioŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /ɕyoŋ³¹/
Guiyang /ɕioŋ²¹/
Kunming /ɕiŋ³¹/
Nanjing /ɕioŋ²⁴/
Hefei /ɕiŋ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /ɕyŋ¹³/
Hohhot /ɕỹŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦioŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦioŋ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦioŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /joŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /ɕyʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ɕin⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ɕioŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /ɕin¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɕiuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /hiuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /hioŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ²¹/
Nanning /huŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /huŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hiɔŋ³⁵/
/hiŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hyŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xœyŋ²¹/
/xœyŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hioŋ⁵⁵/
/heŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hiɔŋ³¹/
/hiaŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 雄
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 云 (35)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羽弓切
Baxter hjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦuwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣiuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣĭuŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/i̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 雄
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xióng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hjuwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ɢ]ʷəŋ/
English male

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 雄
Reading # 1/1
No. 4140
Phonetic
component 		厷
Rime
group 		蒸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		雄
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡʷɯŋ/

Definitions

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雄

  1. (usually of animals) male
    雄虎  ―  xióng hǔ  ―  male tiger
    雄蕊  ―  xióngruǐ  ―  stamen
  2. masculine; powerful; grand
    雄兵  ―  xióngbīng  ―  powerful army
    雄壯／雄壮  ―  xióngzhuàng  ―  majestic; magnificent
  3. powerful or influential person or state
    英雄  ―  yīngxióng  ―  hero
    戰國七雄／战国七雄  ―  Zhànguó qī xióng  ―  Seven Warring States
  4. (Hokkien) ruthless; cruel; mean
  5. (Hokkien) intense; rapid
    alt. forms: 兇 / 凶 (xiōng)

Usage notes

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  • Commonly used for animals to mean “male” in academic contexts, less commonly used in non-academic contexts (use 公 instead), and not used for humans (use 男 instead). For example:
    雄雞／雄鸡  ―  xióngjī  ―  cock
    雄牛  ―  xióngniú  ―  bull

Antonyms

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  • 雌 (cí, “female”)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (雄):
  • → Japanese: 雄(ゆう) (yū)

References

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  • “雄”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “雄”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 266.

Japanese

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Kanji

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雄

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

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  • Go-on: う (u)、ゆ (yu)
  • Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)
  • Kun: お (o, 雄, Jōyō)、おす (osu, 雄, Jōyō)
  • Nanori: かつ (katsu)、たけ (take)、つよし (tsuyoshi)、ゆ (yu)、よう (yō)

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
雄
ゆう
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 雄 (hjuwng, “male”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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雄(ゆう) • (yū) 

  1. male
  2. something or someone excellent (male)
    一(いっ)世(せい)の雄(ゆう)
    issei no yū
    one of the greatest men of his generation
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
雄
お
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
男
牡
夫

/wo/ → /o/

From Old Japanese. Persists in compounds, such as the first element o- in the modern Japanese term 夫(おっと) (wohito > otto, “husband”).[2][1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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雄(お) • (o) ←を (wo)?

  1. (obsolete in isolation) man, male
    • 711–712, Kojiki, 上巻 [Kamitsumaki]:
      汝(な)こそは遠(を)にいませば
      na koso wa o ni imaseba
      As you yourself be male / a man...
  2. (obsolete) husband
    • 711–712, Kojiki, 上巻 [Kamitsumaki]:
      吾(わ)はもよ女(め)にしあれば汝(な)を除(き)て男(を)は無(な)し汝(な)を除(き)て夫(つま)は無(な)し
      wa wa moyo me ni shiareba na o kite o wa nashi na o kite tsuma wa nashi
      As I am a woman, without you, there are no husbands. Without you, there are no wives...
  3. something large, powerful, or otherwise masculine
    雄(お)叫(たけ)び／雄(お)滝(だき)／大(ますら)夫(お)
    otakebi／odaki／masurao
    a war cry / the larger of two waterfalls / manliness
  4. yang (as opposed to yin)
    女(め)男(お)、陰(め)陽(お)
    meo, meo
    yin-yang (two different kanji spellings, same reading and derivation)
Usage notes
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  • Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.
Antonyms
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Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
雄
おす
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
牡

/wosu/ → /osu/

Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ す (su), but the derivation of the su element is unknown.

See also the etymology of 雌 (mesu).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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雄(おす) or 雄(オス) • (osu) ←をす (wosu)?

  1. a male (plant or animal)
Usage notes
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  • This is the most common reading of this term in modern Japanese when used as a standalone noun.
  • Only used to refer to non-human male organisms.
  • As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as オス.
Synonyms
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Antonyms
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Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
雄
おん
Grade: S
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
牡

/won/ → /on/

Compound of 雄 (o, “male”) +‎ ん (n). The latter -n element might be a contraction of the possessive particle の (no).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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雄(おん) • (on) ←をん (won)?

  1. male
Usage notes
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  • Not used in isolation in modern Japanese.
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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雄 (eumhun 수컷 웅 (sukeot ung))

  1. hanja form? of 웅 (“(usually of animals) male”)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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雄: Hán Nôm readings: Hùng

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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