殺
See also: 杀
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Translingual
| Traditional | 殺 |
|---|---|
| Simplified | 杀 |
| Japanese | 殺 |
| Korean | 殺 |
Alternative forms
- In traditional Chinese (based on the modern character forms used in Taiwan and Hong Kong), the bottom left component is 朮 (𣎳 with an additional dot at its top right corner).
- In mainland China (based on the Xin Zixing (新字形) standardized character forms), the bottom left component is 朩 instead which is one stroke less.
- In Korean hanja, the bottom left component is 术, which is also the historical form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
- In Japanese shinjitai and Vietnamese Nôm, the bottom left component is 木 which is one stroke less.
- Three CJK Compatibility Ideographs exist for this character:
U+F970corresponds to the Japanese kyūjitai form containing 术 which is similar to the historical Kangxi form.U+FA96corresponds to the alternative Korean form which is similar to the Japanese shinjitai form containing 木.U+2F8F5is similar to the traditional form in Taiwan but has 𣎳 (without dot at top right corner) instead of 朮 as its bottom left component.
Han character
殺 (Kangxi radical 79, 殳+7 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 殳+6 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 10 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 大金竹弓水 (KCHNE) or 大木竹弓水 (KDHNE), four-corner 47947, composition ⿰⿱㐅朩殳(G) or ⿰⿱㐅朮殳(HT) or ⿰⿱㐅木殳(JV or U+FA96) or ⿰⿱㐅术殳(K or U+F970) or ⿰⿱㐅𣎳殳(U+2F8F5))
Related characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 585, character 11
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16638
- Dae Jaweon: page 978, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2157, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6BBA
Chinese
| trad. | 殺 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 杀* | |
| alternative forms | ||
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 殺 |
|---|
| Shang |
| Oracle bone script |
|
In the oracle bone script, it was an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) of a boar that had been impaled in the head.
In the seal script, the original compound was corrupted into 𣏂 (sometimes written as 杀). It was also in the seal script that the pictogram (象形) : 人 (“person”) + 又 (“right hand”), which was later corrupted into 殳 (“spear”) or 攴, was added under the head of the boar to specify the killing was done by a person.
The modern-day character inherits this and can be thought of as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreːds, *sreːd) : phonetic 𣏂 () + semantic 殳 (“spear”).
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g/b-sat (“to kill”); compare Tibetan བསད (bsad), perfect of Tibetan གསོད (gsod, “to kill”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *C-sat (“to kill”), Japhug sat (“to kill”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007; Zhang, Jacques and Lai, 2019).
Pronunciation
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Definitions
- (transitive) to kill; to murder
- to ruin; to harm
- to fight
- (dialectal, transitive) to cut; to slice (fruit, food)
- (transitive) to abate; to reduce
- (regional, colloquial) to sting
- (chess) to mate; short for 將殺／将杀 (jiāngshā) ("to checkmate")
Usage notes
- Normally, the subject of 殺 should be animate. The sentence "A tiger killed many people." can be validly translated as 老虎殺死數人, while the sentence "This accident killed many people." is seldom translated as *這次事故殺死數人. For death caused by non-living things, split forms of 致死 (zhìsǐ) are often used instead:
Synonyms
- (to kill):
- 刑 (xíng) (literary)
- 剿戮 (jiǎolù) (archaic)
- 屠宰 (túzǎi) (an animal for food)
- 屠戮 (túlù) (literary)
- 屠殺／屠杀 (túshā) (in large numbers)
- 慘殺／惨杀 (cǎnshā) (to kill in cold blood)
- 故意殺人／故意杀人 (gùyì shārén) (law, mainland China)
- 殘殺／残杀 (cánshā)
- 殛斃／殛毙 (jíbì) (literary)
- 殺人／杀人 (shārén) (to kill someone)
- 殺害／杀害 (shāhài)
- 殺戮／杀戮 (shālù) (literary)
- 殺死／杀死 (shāsǐ)
- 解決／解决 (jiějué) (euphemism)
- 誅殺／诛杀 (zhūshā) (literary)
- 謀殺／谋杀 (móushā)
- 辦／办 (bàn) (euphemism)
Dialectal synonyms of 殺 (“to kill (a person)”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | 殺 | |
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 殺 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 殺 |
| Taiwan | 殺 | |
| Malaysia | 殺 | |
| Singapore | 殺 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 殺 |
| Jiaoliao Mandarin | Yantai (Muping) | 殺 |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Luoyang | 殺 |
| Wanrong | 殺 | |
| Xi'an | 殺 | |
| Lanyin Mandarin | Yinchuan | 殺 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 殺 |
| Wuhan | 殺 | |
| Guilin | 殺 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Nanjing | 殺 |
| Yangzhou | 殺 | |
| Hefei | 殺 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 殺 |
| Hong Kong | 殺 | |
| Yangjiang | 殺 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 殺 | |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 殺 | |
| Gan | Nanchang | 殺 |
| Lichuan | 殺 | |
| Hakka | Meixian | 殺 |
| Yudu | 殺 | |
| Huizhou | Jixi | 殺 |
| Jin | Taiyuan | 殺 |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 殺 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | 刣 |
| Fuqing | 殺 | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 刣 |
| Quanzhou | 刣 | |
| Jinjiang | 刣 | |
| Yongchun | 刣 | |
| Zhangzhou | 刣 | |
| Tainan | 刣 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 刣 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 刣 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 刣 | |
| Chaozhou | 刣 | |
| Shantou | 刣 | |
| Shantou (Chenghai) | 刣 | |
| Jieyang | 刣 | |
| Lufeng | 刣 | |
| Haifeng | 刣 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 刣 | |
| Leizhou | 殺 | |
| Wenchang | 殺 | |
| Haikou | 殺 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 殺 |
| Shanghai (Chongming) | 殺 | |
| Suzhou | 殺 | |
| Hangzhou | 殺 | |
| Wenzhou | 殺 | |
| Jinhua | 殺 | |
| Xiang | Changsha | 殺 |
| Loudi | 殺 | |
| Shuangfeng | 殺 | |
Compounds
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Etymology 2
From 衰 (OC *sʰrol, *srul, “to diminish; to decay”) + final *-t (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sha
- Wade–Giles: sha1
- Yale: shā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
- Palladius: ша (ša)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shài
- Wade–Giles: shai4
- Yale: shài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shay
- Palladius: шай (šaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂaɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: saai3
- Yale: saai
- Cantonese Pinyin: saai3
- Guangdong Romanization: sai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /saːi̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: sái
- Sinological IPA (key): /sɑi²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Middle Chinese: sreajH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*s<r>at-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*sreːds/
Definitions
Compounds
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Etymology 3
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄙㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: sà
- Wade–Giles: sa4
- Yale: sà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sah
- Palladius: са (sa)
- Sinological IPA (key): /sä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
- † dark
- (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 𥻦 (“to spread; to exile”).
Etymology 4
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siè
- Wade–Giles: hsieh4
- Yale: syè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shieh
- Palladius: се (se)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
Etymology 5
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
- Wade–Giles: shih4
- Yale: shr̀
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
- Palladius: ши (ši)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
Etymology 6
| For pronunciation and definitions of 殺 – see 弒 (“to assassinate; to kill a superior”). (This character is a variant form of 弒). |
References
- “殺”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
| 殺 | |
| 殺 |
Kanji
殺
(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 殺)
- to kill
Readings
- Go-on: せい (sei)、せち (sechi)、せつ (setsu, Jōyō †)
- Kan-on: さい (sai, Jōyō †)、さつ (satsu, Jōyō)
- Kun: ころす (korosu, 殺す, Jōyō)、そぐ (sogu, 殺ぐ)、あやめる (ayameru, 殺める)
Compounds
Compounds
- 暗殺 (ansatsu, “assassination”)
- 縊殺 (isatsu, “strangling to death”)
- 虐殺 (gyakusatsu, “massacre”)
- 殺害 (satsugai, “murder”)
- 殺人 (satsujin, “murder, homicide”)
- 殺伐 (satsubatsu)
- 殺戮 (satsuriku)
- 殺気 (sakki, “bloodlust”, literally “killing spirit”)
- 殺菌 (sakkin, “sterilization”)
- 殺傷 (sasshō, “violence, bloodshed”)
- 殺虫剤 (satchūzai, “insecticide”)
- 殺到 (sattō, “rush, flood (of people, letters, phone calls etc.)”)
- 殺風景 (sappūkei, “bleak, barren”, literally “killing the scenery”)
- 刺殺 (shisatsu)
- 自殺 (jisatsu, “suicide”)
- 殺生 (sesshō)
- 相殺 (sōsai, “cancelling out, offsetting”)
- 他殺 (tasatsu, “murder”)
- 殺陣 (tate, “stage combat”)
- 人殺し (hitogoroshi, “murderer”)
- 必殺 (hissatsu)
- 併殺 (heisatsu, “double play”)
- 抹殺 (massatsu, “erasure; denial”)
- 黙殺 (mokusatsu, “ignoring”, literally “killing with silence”)
Korean
Etymology 1
From Middle Chinese 殺 (MC sreat).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 사ᇙ〮 (Yale: sálq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
- Recorded as Middle Korean 살〮 (sál) (Yale: sál) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠ɭ]
- Phonetic hangul: [살]
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
- 교살 (絞殺, gyosal)
- 말살 (抹殺, malsal)
- 몰살 (沒殺, molsal)
- 박살 (搏殺, baksal)
- 사살 (射殺, sasal)
- 살상 (殺傷, salsang)
- 살충 (殺蟲, salchung)
- 살해 (殺害, salhae)
- 자살 (自殺, jasal)
- 총살 (銃殺, chongsal)
- 척살 (刺殺, cheoksal)
- 타살 (他殺, tasal)
- 피살 (被殺, pisal)
- 살의 (殺意, sarui)
- 묵살 (默殺, muksal)
- 독살 (毒殺, doksal)
- 살생 (殺生, salsaeng)
- 학살 (虐殺, haksal, “massacre; slaughter”)
- 도살 (屠殺, dosal, “slaughter (of animals)”)
- 살균 (殺菌, salgyun, “sterilization”)
- 살인 (殺人, sarin, “murder; killing; homicide”)
- 암살 (暗殺, amsal, “assassination”)
- 피살 (被殺, pisal, “being killed”)
Etymology 2
From Middle Chinese 殺 (MC sreajH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 생〮 (Yale: sáy) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰwɛ(ː)] ~ [sʰwe̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [쇄(ː)/쉐(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
Compounds
Compounds
- 뇌쇄 (惱殺, noeswae)
- 감쇄 (減殺, gamswae)
- 쇄도 (殺到, swaedo, “a rush”)
- 상쇄 (相殺, sangswae, “counteraction; neutralization; offsetting”)
References
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
Han character
殺: Hán Nôm readings: sát, sái, sít, sịt, sướt, sét, sượt
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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