準

See also: 准 and 凖

準	U+6E96, 準 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6E96

← 溕
[U+6E95]

CJK Unified Ideographs

溗 →
[U+6E97]

Translingual

Han character

準 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 水土十 (EGJ), four-corner 3040₁, composition ⿱淮十)

Derived characters

𠿶𢶥𮁍𦡤𨆒

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 639, character 24
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17934
Dae Jaweon: page 1046, character 15
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1700, character 5
Unihan data for U+6E96

Chinese

trad.		準
simp.		准^*
alternative forms		凖准淮

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (隼) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
隼	*sqʰʷinʔ
榫	*sqʰʷinʔ
准	*qʷjinʔ
準	qʷjinʔ, qʷjed

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *qʷjinʔ, *qʷjed): semantic 水 (“water”) + phonetic 隼 (OC *sqʰʷinʔ) – “water level”.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhǔn (zhun³)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄣˇ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): zeon² / zyut³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): zun²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chún

(Hailu, HRS): zhun^ˊ
Jin (Wiktionary): zung²
Eastern Min (BUC): cūng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): zong³ / zuong³
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): chún

(Teochew, Peng'im): zung²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tsen

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǔn
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄣˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔn
  - Wade–Giles: chun³
  - Yale: jwǔn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joen
  - Palladius: чжунь (čžunʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂu̯ən²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: zeon² / zyut³
  - Yale: jéun / jyut
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzoen² / dzyt⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: zên² / jud³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɵn³⁵/, /t͡syːt̚³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: zun²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sun⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chún
  - Hakka Romanization System: zun^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: zun³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sun³¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: zhun^ˊ
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ʃun²⁴/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: zung²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡suŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: cūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ³³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zong³
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ceông
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɔŋ⁴⁵³/
- (Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: zuong³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suoŋ³³²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chún
  - Tâi-lô: tsún
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zuon
  - IPA (Xiamen): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sun⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /t͡sun⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡sun⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: zung²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsúng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡suŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tsen
  - MiniDict: tsen^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tsen
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡sən³⁴/

Middle Chinese: tsywinX, tsywet

Rime
Character	準	準
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	章 (23)	章 (23)
Final (韻)	諄 (47)	薛 (82)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	之尹切	職悅切
Baxter	tsywinX	tsywet
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡ɕiuɪn^X/	/t͡ɕiuᴇt̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡ɕʷin^X/	/t͡ɕʷiɛt̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡ɕjuen^X/	/t͡ɕjuæt̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/cwin^X/	/cwiat̚/
Li Rong	/t͡ɕiuĕn^X/	/t͡ɕiuɛt̚/
Wang Li	/t͡ɕĭuĕn^X/	/t͡ɕĭuɛt̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡ɕi̯uĕn^X/	/t͡ɕi̯wɛt̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǔn	zhuo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zeon²	zyut³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*turʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʷjinʔ/, /*qʷjed/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	準
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhǔn
Middle Chinese	‹ tsywin^X ›
Old Chinese	/*turʔ/
English	water-level
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	準	準
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	12189	12190
Phonetic component	隼	隼
Rime group	眞	月
Rime subdivision	1	2
Corresponding MC rime	準	拙
Old Chinese	/*qʷjinʔ/	/*qʷjed/
Notes		通出頁見漢書

Definitions

準

(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) water-level; flat; level
(historical) water level (measuring instrument)
standard; criterion; norm
標準／标准 ― biāozhǔn ― standard, norm

準則／准则 ― zhǔnzé ― standard, norm

基準／基准 ― jīzhǔn ― norm, reference frame
accurate; exact
這塊手錶很準。 [MSC, trad.]
这块手表很准。 [MSC, simp.]
Zhè kuài shǒubiǎo hěn zhǔn. [Pinyin]
This watch keeps time very well.

他的槍法真準，一個移動靶都沒有漏射。 [MSC, trad.]
他的枪法真准，一个移动靶都没有漏射。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā de qiāngfǎ zhēn zhǔn, yī ge yídòng bǎ dōu méi yǒu lòu shè. [Pinyin]
He is good with a gun, he doesn't miss any moving target.
certainly; surely
那準不對。／那准不对。 ― Nà zhǔn bù duì. ― That is definitely wrong.

他準是開玩笑，要不就是瘋了。 [MSC, trad.]
他准是开玩笑，要不就是疯了。 [MSC, simp.]
Tā zhǔn shì kāi wánxiào, yàobù jiù shì fēng le. [Pinyin]
He must be joking or else he's mad.
quasi-; pene-; para-

Compounds

References

“準”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

See also 準ずる

Kanji

準

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

water level (measuring instrument)
standard, norm
correspond to
semi-, quasi-

Readings

Go-on: しゅん (shun)^{←しゆん (syun, historical)}、せち (sechi)^{←せち (seti, historical)}
Kan-on: しゅん (shun)^{←しゆん (syun, historical)}、せつ (setsu)^{←せつ (setu, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: じゅん (jun, Jōyō)^{←じゆん (zyun, historical)}
Kun: ひとしい (hitoshii, 準しい)、みずもり (mizumori)^{←みづもり (midumori, historical)}、のり (nori, 準)、のっとる (nottoru, 準る)、なぞらえる (nazoraeru, 準える)

Compounds

準(じゅん)星(せい) (junsei): quasar
準(じゅん)惑(わく)星(せい) (junwakusei): dwarf planet
準(じゅん)拠(きょ) (junkyo): be based on
準(じゅん)備(び) (junbi): preparations
水(すい)準(じゅん) (suijun): level
標(ひょう)準(じゅん) (hyōjun): standard
基(き)準(じゅん) (kijun): basis
平(へい)準(じゅん) (heijun): common standard
規(き)矩(く)準(じゅん)縄(じょう) (kikujunjō): rules, measurements

Etymology

Kanji in this term
準
じゅん Grade: 5
on'yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [d͡ʑɨ̃ɴ]

Prefix

準(じゅん) • (jun-) ^{←じゆん (zyun-)^?}

sub-; quasi-
準一級(じゅんいっきゅう)
jun-ikkyū
level pre-1

準優勝(じゅんゆうしょう)
jun-yūshō
second place

Noun

Kanji in this term
準
みずもり Grade: 5
kun'yomi

準(みずもり) • (mizumori) ^{←みづもり (midumori)^?}

water level (measuring instrument)

Proper noun

準(ひとし) • (Hitoshi)

a male given name

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC tsywinX).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰〯 (Yale: cyǔn) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Middle Korean 凖/쥰〮 (cywún)^訓 (Yale: cyún) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Recorded as Middle Korean 쥰 (cywun)^訓 (Yale: cyun) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕu(ː)n]
Phonetic hangul: [준(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

準

Wikisource

準 (eumhun 준할 준 (junhal jun))

hanja form^? of 준 (“standard”)

Compounds

기준 (基準, gijun, “standard”)
비준 (批准, bijun)
수준 (水準, sujun, “level”)
인준 (認准, injun)
조준 (照準, jojun)
준비 (準備, junbi, “preparation”)
준용 (準用, junyong)
평준 (平準, pyeongjun)
표준 (標準, pyojun, “standard”)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 準 (MC tsywet).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean ᄌᆑᇙ〮 (Yale: cyuyelq) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Recorded as Early Modern Korean 졀 (Yale: cyel) in Samun Seonghwi (三韻聲彙 / 삼운성휘), 1751.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [t͡ɕʌ̹ɭ]
Phonetic hangul: [절]

Hanja

準 (eumhun 콧 마루 절 (konmaru jeol))

(archaic) hanja form^? of 절 (“nose bridge”)

Compounds

응절 (鷹準, eungjeol)
절두 (準頭, jeoldu)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

準: Hán Nôm readings: chuẩn, choán, chốn, chủn, trúng, trốn

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