敢
Translingual
Stroke order | |||
Mainland China |
Alternative forms
- In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing (deprecated template usage) 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
- In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
Han character
敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))
Derived characters
- 㒈, 噉, 𡑒, 㜟, 𢕭, 㦑, 撖, 澉, 㺖, 䧩, 𣊟, 橄, 瞰, 𥕵, 𥼲, 𦗪, 𦪧, 𧗐, 譀, 豃, 𧸂, 𨅺, 𮡜, 𨬒, 𩍉, 䭛, 䲎, 𪉿(𬸹), 𡪯, 𭗐, 䆻, 𥴊, 𫶔, 憨, 饏, 𠣽, 𭅞, 𠪚, 𤺍, 嚴/𫿞(厳/严), 闞(阚), 鬫
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
- Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
- Unihan data for U+6562
Chinese
trad. | 敢 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 敢 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 敢 | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Warring States | |
Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gam2
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): gǒ̤ng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: gǎn
- Wade–Giles: kan3
- Yale: gǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gaan
- Palladius: гань (ganʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kän²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: gam2
- Yale: gám
- Cantonese Pinyin: gam2
- Guangdong Romanization: gem2
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐm³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kám
- Hakka Romanization System: gamˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: gam3
- Sinological IPA: /kam³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǒ̤ng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- káⁿ - vernacular;
- kám - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gan2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /kã⁵²/
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 敢 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /kan²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /kan²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /kan¹³/ | |
Jinan | /kã⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /kã⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /kan⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /kã⁵³/ | |
Xining | /kã⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /kan⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /kan⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /kan⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /kan⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /kan⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /kã̠⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /kaŋ²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /kæ̃²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /kæ̃⁵³/ |
Pingyao | /kɑŋ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /kæ̃⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /kø³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /kø⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /kẽ̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ky³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /kɛ³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /kɛ³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /kan⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /kan⁴²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /kɵn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /kam³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /kɑm³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /kɐm³⁵/ |
Nanning | /kam³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /kɐm³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /kam⁵³/ /kã⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /kaŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /kɔŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /kã⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ka²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: kamX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤamʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*klaːmʔ/
Definitions
- to dare (to); to venture (to)
- to be sure; to be certain
- bold; brave
- (Southern Min) Final interrogative particle.
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words |
---|---|---|
Classical Chinese | 莫非, 豈, 莫不是 | |
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是 | |
Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 難道, 難不成, 甭 |
Taiwan | 難道, 難不成 | |
Central Plains Mandarin | Xuzhou | 難說 |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 唔通 |
Hong Kong | 唔通 | |
Taishan | 唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估 | |
Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 |
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 無成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係 | |
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係 | |
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係 | |
Southern Min | Xiamen | 敢, 總無 |
Quanzhou | 敢, 總無, 攏無 | |
Zhangzhou | 敢, 總無 | |
Tainan | 敢 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 敢 | |
Shantou | 未是 | |
Jieyang | 未是, 敢, 敢是 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 只勿 |
Shanghai (Chongming) | 難算得 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 冇過 |
See also
- 肯 (kěn)
Compounds
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Further reading
- “Entry #8439”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
Kanji
敢
- daring, brave, bold
- sad, tragic, pitiful
Readings
References
Etymology
Kanji in this term |
---|
敢 |
かん Grade: S |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).
Pronunciation
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Affix
Derived terms
Korean
Hanja
Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 敢 (cám, cảm, dám)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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