越
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]越 (Kangxi radical 156, 走+5, 12 strokes, cangjie input 土人戈女 (GOIV), four-corner 43805, composition ⿺走戉)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1216, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 37110
- Dae Jaweon: page 1686, character 11
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3480, character 2
- Unihan data for U+8D8A
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
越 | |
---|---|---|
2nd round simp. | 迌 | |
alternative forms | 𫑛 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *ɢʷaːd, *ɢʷad) : semantic 走 (“to walk or run”) + phonetic 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) — to go over; to cross.
Etymology
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg/220px-CMOC_Treasures_of_Ancient_China_exhibit_-_bronze_battle_axe.jpg)
- “to go over; to surpass; to overstep; to turn”
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *grwat (“to travel; to go through”).
- Related to 𨒋 (“to go over”), 䟠 (“to go beyond; to transgress”) (Wang, 1982) and perhaps 于 (OC *ɢʷa, “to go”) (Schuessler, 2007).
- “modal particle”
- Related to 曰 (OC *ɢʷad), 于 (OC *ɢʷa) and 粵 (OC *ɢʷad) (Wang, 1982).
- “Yue; Viet; State of Yue”
- Related to 粵 (OC *ɢʷad, “Yue; Cantonese”).
- This is a general name for numerous indigenous tribes in ancient southern China, which are collectively called Baiyue. The ancient State of Yue during the Zhou dynasty of China was initially written as 戉 (OC *ɢʷad, “large battle-axe”) — alternatively written as 𫑛 — and it is commonly believed the name Yue originates from this instrument, which was widely found in neolithic cultures of southeastern China and served as a symbol of authority and royalty.
- See 戉 (OC *ɢʷad) for more on the etymology.
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yue2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): йүә (yüə, I)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): yot6
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): yeh4
- Northern Min (KCR): ṳĕ
- Eastern Min (BUC): uŏk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 8yuq; 8yoq
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): ye6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩㄝˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yuè
- Wade–Giles: yüeh4
- Yale: ywè
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yueh
- Palladius: юэ (jue)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɥɛ⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: yue2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ye
- Sinological IPA (key): /ye²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: йүә (yüə, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /yə²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyut6
- Yale: yuht
- Cantonese Pinyin: jyt9
- Guangdong Romanization: yud6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyːt̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: yot5
- Sinological IPA (key): /jᵘɔt̚³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: yot6
- Sinological IPA (key): /yɵt̚⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ye̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: ied
- Hagfa Pinyim: yad6
- Sinological IPA: /i̯et̚⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ya̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iad
- Hagfa Pinyim: yad6
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯at̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: yeh4
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /yəʔ²/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳĕ
- Sinological IPA (key): /yɛ²⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: uŏk
- Sinological IPA (key): /uoʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
Note:
- uêg8 - Chaozhou;
- uag8 - Shantou.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 越 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /yɛ⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /yɛ⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /ye⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /yə²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /yə⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ye²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /yɛ²¹/ | |
Xining | /yu⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /ye¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /yə¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /yɤ²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /ye²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /ye³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /ie²¹/ | |
Kunming | /iɛ³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /yeʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /yɐʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /yəʔ²/ |
Pingyao | /yʌʔ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /yaʔ⁴³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦioʔ¹/ /ɦyɪʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /ɦyəʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦyəʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /jy²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ue²²/ |
Tunxi | /yɛ¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ye²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /yæ²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /yɵʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /iat̚⁵/ |
Taoyuan | /ʒet̚⁵⁵/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jyt̚²/ |
Nanning | /yt̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /jyt̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /uat̚⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /uoʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /uɛ²⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /uak̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /zuak̚³/ 超~ /zuak̚⁵/ ~過 |
- Middle Chinese: hjwot
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷat/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷad/
Definitions
[edit]越
- to pass over; to cross; to cross over
- to go over; to climb over; to jump over
- (of time) to pass; to go through
- (figurative) to go outside of; to exceed; to surpass; to overstep; to transgress
- to propagate; to spread; to publicise
- to disperse; to scatter; to fade away
- to fall; to relax; to become loosened
- (literary) to rob; to seize by force
- (Southern Min) to turn; to turn around
- 越頭/越头 [Hokkien] ― oa̍t-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― to turn one's head
- more; -er
- Ancient meaningless sentence-initial modal particle.
- (~人, ~族) The Yue or Viet: collective name for numerous ancient non-Han tribes in southern China and northern Vietnam; Baiyue.
- (historical) (~國) The State of Yue: ancient state during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods of Chinese history, in the modern provinces of Zhejiang, Shanghai, and Jiangsu.
- General name for the region of southern China, especially the Guangxi and Guangdong provinces.
- Name for the Zhejiang province of China, especially the eastern parts of the province or areas in the vicinity of Shaoxing city.
- Short for 越南 (“Vietnam”).
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (more):
- 力更 (liao2 gêng3) (Teochew)
- 加二 (1ka-gni) (Wu)
- 加偌 (Hokkien)
- 又加 (6yi-ka) (Wu)
- 又閣較/又阁较 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 彌/弥 (literary)
- 愈 (yù)
- 愈加 (yùjiā)
- 愈發/愈发 (yùfā)
- 愈益 (yùyì)
- 更 (gèng)
- 更加 (gèngjiā)
- 更見/更见 (gen4 jian4) (Sichuanese)
- 益 (yì) (literary)
- 益發/益发 (yìfā)
- 罔 (muōng) (Eastern Min)
- 越加 (yuèjiā)
- 越發/越发 (yuèfā)
- 重 (Cantonese)
- 閣較/阁较 (Hokkien)
Compounds
[edit]- 不可踰越/不可逾越
- 乘輿播越/乘舆播越
- 侵越 (qīnyuè)
- 僭越 (jiànyuè)
- 優越/优越 (yōuyuè)
- 優越感/优越感 (yōuyuègǎn)
- 兩越/两越
- 卓越 (zhuóyuè)
- 卓越超群
- 南越 (Nányuè)
- 吳越/吴越 (Wúyuè)
- 吳越同舟/吴越同舟
- 吳越春秋/吴越春秋
- 巔越/巅越
- 差越
- 度越
- 彭越
- 扒山越嶺/扒山越岭
- 播越 (bōyuè)
- 播越失據/播越失据
- 攀山越嶺/攀山越岭
- 攀越 (pānyuè)
- 攙越/搀越
- 東越/东越
- 橫越/横越
- 檀越 (tányuè)
- 殺人越貨/杀人越货 (shārényuèhuò)
- 沙勞越/沙劳越
- 汩越
- 清越 (qīngyuè)
- 漫山越嶺/漫山越岭
- 激越
- 甌越/瓯越 (Ōuyuè)
- 登山越嶺/登山越岭
- 發越/发越
- 百越 (Bǎiyuè)
- 神爽飛越/神爽飞越
- 神魂飛越/神魂飞越
- 視同秦越/视同秦越
- 秦越
- 穿越 (chuānyuè)
- 翻山越嶺/翻山越岭 (fānshānyuèlǐng)
- 翻越 (fānyuè)
- 肝膽楚越/肝胆楚越
- 肝膽胡越/肝胆胡越
- 胡二巴越
- 胡越 (húyuè)
- 胡越一家
- 莊舄越吟/庄舄越吟
- 葛越
- 行無越思/行无越思
- 誂越/𫍥越
- 越人視秦/越人视秦
- 超今越古
- 越位 (yuèwèi)
- 越來越……/越来越……
- 越俎代庖 (yuèzǔdàipáo)
- 越冬 (yuèdōng)
- 越冬作物 (yuèdōng zuòwù)
- 越分
- 越劇/越剧 (yuèjù)
- 越加 (yuèjiā)
- 越南 (Yuènán)
- 越南人 (yuènánrén)
- 越南話/越南话 (yuènánhuà)
- 越古超今
- 越嚟越……
- 越城嶺/越城岭
- 越境 (yuèjìng)
- 越多越好
- 越女
- 越子
- 越席
- 越快越好
- 越戰/越战 (Yuèzhàn)
- 越扶越醉
- 越搶越貴/越抢越贵
- 越搶越高/越抢越高
- 越日 (yuèrì)
- 越早越好
- 越樣/越样
- 越橘 (yuèjú)
- 越權/越权 (yuèquán)
- 越次
- 越次超倫/越次超伦
- 越次躐等
- 越洋 (yuèyáng)
- 越洋電話/越洋电话
- 越犬吠雪
- 越獄/越狱 (yuèyù)
- 越王嘗蓼/越王尝蓼
- 越瓜 (yuèguā)
- 越界 (yuèjiè)
- 越發/越发 (yuèfā)
- 越禮/越礼
- 越窯/越窑
- 越窮越見鬼,肚餓打瀉米/越穷越见鬼,肚饿打泻米
- 越窮越見鬼,越冷越吹風/越穷越见鬼,越冷越吹风
- 越級/越级 (yuèjí)
- 越絕書/越绝书
- 越線/越线
- 超群越輩/超群越辈
- 越若
- 越裳 (Yuècháng)
- 越調/越调 (yuèdiào)
- 越越
- 越……越…… (yuè...yuè...)
- 超越 (chāoyuè)
- 越越的
- 越軌/越轨 (yuèguǐ)
- 越過/越过 (yuèguò)
- 越野 (yuèyě)
- 越野賽/越野赛 (yuèyěsài)
- 越野賽跑/越野赛跑
- 越野車/越野车 (yuèyěchē)
- 超階越次/超阶越次
- 越障
- 越鳥/越鸟 (yuèniǎo)
- 越鳥南棲/越鸟南栖
- 越鳧楚乙/越凫楚乙 (yuèfúchǔyǐ)
- 跨州越郡
- 跨越 (kuàyuè)
- 踰越/逾越 (yúyuè)
- 躥房越脊/蹿房越脊
- 逾越 (yúyuè)
- 違越/违越
- 邁越常流/迈越常流
- 闖越/闯越
- 隕越/陨越
- 隔越
- 難越雷池/难越雷池
- 顛越/颠越
- 顛越不恭/颠越不恭
- 飛越/飞越 (fēiyuè)
- 騰越/腾越
Descendants
[edit]- → Vietnamese: vượt (“to pass over”)
Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄛˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huó
- Wade–Giles: huo2
- Yale: hwó
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwo
- Palladius: хо (xo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯ɔ³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: wut6
- Yale: wuht
- Cantonese Pinyin: wut9
- Guangdong Romanization: wud6
- Sinological IPA (key): /wuːt̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Middle Chinese: hwat
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢʷaːd/
Definitions
[edit]越
- † (music) small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument
- † to bore a hole; to drill a hole
References
[edit]- “越”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- “Entry #9071”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]越
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: えち (echi)←ゑち (weti, historical); おち (ochi)←をち (woti, historical); がち (gachi)←ぐわち (gwati, historical)
- Kan-on: えつ (etsu, Jōyō)←ゑつ (wetu, historical); かつ (katsu)←くわつ (kwatu, historical)
- Kun: こえる (koeru, 越える, Jōyō)←こえる (koeru, 越える, historical); こす (kosu, 越す, Jōyō)←こす (kosu, 越す, historical)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
越 |
えつ Grade: S |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot|hwat).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]- pass over; cross over; go over
- pass; go through (of time)
- exceed; surpass; transgress (limit, extent)
Proper noun
[edit]- (historical) the Yue people to the south of ancient China
- Abbreviation of 越南 (Etsunan, “Vietnam”).
Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hjwot).
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Compounds
- 초월 (超越, chowol, “transcendency”)
- 탁월 (卓越, tagwol, “excellence, superiority”)
- 추월 (追越, chuwol, “passing; overtake”)
- 월등 (越等, woldeung, “extraordinarily”)
- 월남 (越南, Wollam, “Vietnam”)
- 우월 (優越, uwol, “superiority”)
- 수월 (秀越, suwol, “excellence”)
- 이월 (移越, iwol, “transfer”)
- 월경 (越境, wolgyeong, “crossing of the border”)
- 월척 (越尺, wolcheok, “big fish”)
- 월권 (越權, wolgwon, “ultra vires”)
- 월차 (越次, wolcha, “skipping a turn”)
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Chinese 越 (MC hwat).
Hanja
[edit]越 (eumhun 부들자리 활 (budeuljari hwal))
- (literary Chinese) hanja form? of 활 (“small hole at the bottom of a se, a traditional Chinese musical instrument”)
References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]
Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term |
---|
越 |
Chữ Hán
[edit]越: Hán Việt readings: việt[1][2][3]
越: Nôm readings: vượt[1][2][3][4], việt[1][2][5], vớt[1][2], vẹt[1][4], vát[4][5], vịt[1], vọt[1], vợt[1], nhông[3], vác[3], vót[3], vệt[3]
References
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- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading をち
- Japanese kanji with goon reading がち
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading ぐわち
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading えつ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ゑつ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading かつ
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading くわつ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こ・える
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading こ・える
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