由
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]由 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中田 (LW), four-corner 50600, composition ⿻日丨 or ⿻囗十)
Derived characters
[edit]- 㐕 𠃦 𤰔 㕀 㽕 伷 甹 𠔍 𰃰 𫔼 㣙 㹨 妯 宙 届 岫 峀 庙 迪 廸 怞 抽 油 畁 邮 𠰬 𠱋 𡊡 𡘊 𡛽 𡱋 𢂎 𢍁 𩧨 𭘋 𭘌 峀 冑 柚 牰 胄 轴 迪 𠔔 𤤧 𤰰 𤱁 𤱉 𫆚 𬏁 㾄 䄂 秞 铀 𤱤 𤽙 𥑤 𥥉 𧙏 𬔈 䌷 笛 粙 紬 舳 苖 蚰 袖 𤉓 𤉕 𦥪 𧆭 𬱖 䛆 䜬 軸 釉 𧲹 𧻉 鈾 鲉 𢆟 𤳄 𤲣 𫔞 𢆟 䩜 頔 𩊄 𬰹 駎 𠟳 𤰋 𤳃 𪳫 𪽝 𫘼 𬏌 𮏬 鮋 𡳧 𤳐 𩿬 𬏕 鼬 𤳨 𫠘 𤳷 𤳸 𧈕 寅 黄 黃 㑹 褏
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 757, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21724
- Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 2
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2524, character 2
- Unihan data for U+7531
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
由 | |
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alternative forms | 繇 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 由 |
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Western Zhou |
Bronze inscriptions |
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Old Chinese | |
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袖 | *ljɯwɢs |
岫 | *ljɯwɢs |
牰 | *ljɯwɢs, *lɯwɢs |
抽 | *l̥ʰɯw |
妯 | *l̥ʰɯw, *l'ɯwɢ |
紬 | *l'ɯw |
怞 | *l'ɯw |
鮋 | *l'ɯw, *ɦljɯw, *lɯw |
菗 | *rlɯw |
宙 | *l'ɯwɢs |
胄 | *l'ɯwɢs |
冑 | *l'ɯwɢs |
伷 | *l'ɯwɢs |
駎 | *l'ɯwɢs |
油 | *lɯw, *lɯwɢs |
由 | *lɯw |
蚰 | *lɯw |
秞 | *lɯw |
邮 | *lɯw |
釉 | *lɯwɢs |
柚 | *lɯwɢs, *l'ɯwɢ |
鼬 | *lɯwɢs |
苖 | *l'ɯːwɢ, *l̥ʰɯwɢ |
笛 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
迪 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
頔 | *l'ɯːwɢ |
軸 | *l'ɯwɢ |
舳 | *l'ɯwɢ |
Pictogram (象形) – a container or helmet.
If a helmet, may have been the same as or original character of 冑.
Etymology 1
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Related to 遊?”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): jau4 / jau4-2
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yù
- Jin (Wiktionary): iou1
- Northern Min (KCR): iǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): iù
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6yeu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄡˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yóu
- Wade–Giles: yu2
- Yale: yóu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: you
- Palladius: ю (ju)
- Sinological IPA (key): /joʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jau4 / jau4-2
- Yale: yàuh / yáu
- Cantonese Pinyin: jau4 / jau4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: yeo4 / yeo4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɐu̯²¹/, /jɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: jau4-2 - only used for "to follow".
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
- Hakka Romanization System: iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /i̯u¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yù
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yiu2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯u¹¹/
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: iou1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /iəu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: iǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /iu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: iù
- Sinological IPA (key): /ieu⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 由 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /iou³⁵/ |
Harbin | /iou²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /iou⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /iou⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /iou⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /iou⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /iou²⁴/ | |
Xining | /iɯ²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /iəu⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /iou⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /iɤu⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /iəu²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /iəu³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /iəu²¹/ | |
Kunming | /iəu³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /iəɯ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /iɯ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /iəu¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /iəu¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /iəu³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɦiɤ²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦiɤ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦiø²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /jau³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /iu⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /iu⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /iəu¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /iəɯ¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /i⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /iu¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /ʒiu¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jɐu²¹/ |
Nanning | /jɐu²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /jɐu²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /iu³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ieu⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /iu²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /iu⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /ziu³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: yuw
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*l[u]/
- (Zhengzhang): /*lɯw/
Definitions
[edit]由
- cause; reason
- from
- by; through; via
- (done) by
- because of; due to
- by means of
- to pass through
- 必由之路 ― bìyóuzhīlù ― the path that must be taken
- to follow; to let one determine
Compounds
[edit]- 不因不由
- 不由 (bùyóu)
- 不由人
- 不由分說/不由分说 (bùyóufēnshuō)
- 不由得 (bùyóude)
- 不由的
- 不由自主 (bùyóuzìzhǔ)
- 事由 (shìyóu)
- 事由兒/事由儿
- 人身自由 (rénshēn zìyóu)
- 任天由命
- 任由 (rènyóu)
- 何由 (héyóu)
- 來由/来由 (láiyóu)
- 俯仰由人
- 公海自由
- 兵不由將/兵不由将
- 出版自由
- 原由 (yuányóu)
- 咎由自取 (jiùyóuzìqǔ)
- 四大自由
- 因由 (yīnyóu)
- 夷由
- 奚由
- 妨害自由
- 妖由人興/妖由人兴
- 威福由己
- 婚姻自由
- 學術自由/学术自由 (xuéshù zìyóu)
- 宗教自由 (zōngjiào zìyóu)
- 尋由頭兒/寻由头儿
- 小大由之
- 居仁由義/居仁由义
- 居住自由
- 情由 (qíngyóu)
- 意見自由/意见自由
- 所由
- 摘由
- 故故由兒/故故由儿
- 新聞自由/新闻自由 (xīnwén zìyóu)
- 易知由單/易知由单
- 根由 (gēnyóu)
- 案由 (ànyóu)
- 沒來由/没来由
- 無由/无由 (wúyóu)
- 犯由
- 率由舊則/率由旧则
- 率由舊章/率由旧章
- 理由 (lǐyóu)
- 理由書/理由书
- 由不得
- 由中 (yóuzhōng)
- 由中之言
- 由人
- 由來/由来 (yóulái)
- 由博返約/由博返约
- 由得 (yóude)
- 由性
- 由於/由于 (yóuyú)
- 由旬 (yóuxún)
- 由是 (yóushì)
- 由櫱/由蘖
- 由此 (yóucǐ)
- 由淺入深/由浅入深 (yóuqiǎnrùshēn)
- 由由
- 由竇尚書/由窦尚书
- 由紀/由纪
- 由衷 (yóuzhōng)
- 由衷之言
- 由衷感激
- 由跋
- 由頭/由头
- 病由口入
- 祝由科
- 禍福由人/祸福由人
- 笑罵由他/笑骂由他
- 經由/经由 (jīngyóu)
- 緣由/缘由 (yuányóu)
- 聽天由命/听天由命 (tīngtiānyóumìng)
- 自由 (zìyóu)
- 自由世界 (zìyóu shìjiè)
- 自由中國/自由中国 (Zìyóu Zhōngguó)
- 自由主義/自由主义 (zìyóuzhǔyì)
- 自由公債/自由公债
- 自由刑 (zìyóuxíng)
- 自由城
- 自由報業/自由报业
- 自由市
- 自由市場/自由市场 (zìyóu shìchǎng)
- 自由心證/自由心证 (zìyóu xīnzhèng)
- 自由意志 (zìyóu yìzhì)
- 自由戀愛/自由恋爱
- 自由放任 (zìyóufàngrèn)
- 自由日
- 自由業/自由业
- 自由權/自由权
- 自由泳 (zìyóuyǒng)
- 自由港 (zìyóugǎng)
- 自由球
- 自由畫/自由画
- 自由稅率/自由税率
- 自由競爭/自由竞争 (zìyóu jìngzhēng)
- 自由經濟/自由经济
- 自由職業/自由职业 (zìyóu zhíyè)
- 自由能 (zìyóunéng)
- 自由自在 (zìyóuzìzài)
- 自由裁量
- 自由詞組/自由词组
- 自由詩/自由诗 (zìyóushī)
- 自由車/自由车 (zìyóuchē)
- 自由電子/自由电子 (zìyóu diànzǐ)
- 自由體操/自由体操 (zìyóu tǐcāo)
- 自由鬥士/自由斗士 (zìyóu dòushì)
- 著作自由
- 著甚來由/著甚来由
- 行不由徑/行不由径 (xíngbùyóujìng)
- 言不由中
- 言不由衷 (yánbùyóuzhōng)
- 言論自由/言论自由 (yánlùnzìyóu)
- 許由棄瓢/许由弃瓢
- 許由洗耳/许由洗耳
- 蹤由/踪由
- 身不由主
- 身不由己 (shēnbùyóujǐ)
- 通訊自由/通讯自由
- 遷徙自由/迁徙自由
- 頭由/头由 (tóuyóu)
- 鬼狐由
- 鬼胡由
Descendants
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of 由 – see 甴. (This character is a variant form of 甴). |
References
[edit]- “由”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]由
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ゆ (yu, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ゆう (yū, Jōyō)←いう (iu, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: ゆい (yui, Jōyō †)
- Kun: よし (yoshi, 由, Jōyō); よる (yoru, 由る); より (yori, 由り); なお (nao, 由)
Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]由 (eumhun 말미암을 유 (malmiameul yu))
Okinawan
[edit]Kanji
[edit]由
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 自由 (jiyū)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]由: Hán Nôm readings: do, dô, ro, yêu, sân
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
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