lama

See also: Appendix:Variations of "lama"

Languages (46)

English

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English

a lama

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑː.mə/

  • Audio (Southern England):

    (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑːmə
• Homophone: llama

Etymology 1

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama (plural lamas)

1. A master of Tibetan Buddhism.

Derived terms

• lamahood
• lamaic
• lamaist
• lamaite
• lamaserai

Related terms

• lamaism, lamaistic
• lamasery
• Dalai Lama, Panchen Lama, Tashi Lama
• lamani

Translations

master of Tibetan Buddhism

• Arabic: لَامَا m (lāmā)
• Armenian: լամա (hy) (lama)
• Belarusian: ла́ма m (láma)
• Bulgarian: ла́ма (bg) m (láma)
• Buryat: лама (lama)
• Catalan: lama (ca) m
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 喇嘛 (zh) (lǎma)

• Czech: láma (cs)
• Dutch: lama (nl) m
• Esperanto: lamao
• Finnish: lama (fi)
• French: lama (fr) m
• Georgian: ლამა (lama)
• German: Lama (de) m
• Greek: λάμα (el) m (láma)
• Gujarati: લામા m (lāmā)
• Hindi: लामा (hi) m (lāmā)
• Hungarian: láma (hu)
• Ido: lamao (io)
• Interlingua: lama
• Irish: láma m
• Japanese: ラマ (ja) (rama), 喇嘛 (ja) (らま, rama)
• Kalmyk: лам (lam)
• Khamnigan Mongol: лама (lama)
• Korean: 라마 (ko) (rama)
• Malay: lama (ms)
• Manchu: ᠯᠠᠮᠠ (lama)
• Marathi: लामा m (lāmā)
• Mongolian:

  Classical Mongolian: ᠪᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ (blam-a), ᠯᠠᠮ᠎ᠠ (lam-a)

  Cyrillic: лам (mn) (lam)

  Mongolian script: ᠯᠠᠮᠠ (lama)

• Nepali: लामा (lāmā)
• Norwegian:

  Bokmål: lama (no) m

  Nynorsk: lama m

• Odia: ଲାମା (or) (lāmā)
• Old Uyghur: 𐾁𐽰𐽹𐽰 (lʾmʾ /⁠lama⁠/)
• Persian: لاما (fa) (lâmâ)
• Polish: lama (pl) m pers
• Portuguese: lama (pt) m
• Romanian: lama (ro) m
• Russian: ла́ма (ru) m (láma)
• Slovene: lama (sl) m
• Spanish: lama (es) m
• Swedish: lama (sv) c
• Thai: ลามะ (th) (laa-má)
• Tibetan: བླ་མ (bla ma)
• Ukrainian: ла́ма m (láma)
• Vietnamese: lạt-ma (喇嘛)
• Welsh: lama m

Further reading

• lama on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Etymology 2

Noun

lama (plural lamas)

1. Alternative form of llama.

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Spanish lama (“lamé”).

Noun

lama (plural lamas)

1. (obsolete) lamé (fabric with silver or gold threads woven in)
   • 1816, William Hone, Hone’s authentic account of the Royal Marriage, page 38:

     The Wedding Dress, composed of a most magnificent silver lama, on net, over a rich silver tissue slip, with a superb border of silver lama embroidery at the bottom, forming shells and bouquets; above the border a most elegant falling, tastefully designed, in festoons of rich silver lama, and finished with a very brilliant roleau^[sic] of lama.

Anagrams

• amla, ALMA, alma, Alam, Amal, laam, Alma, mala

Basque

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lama/ [la.ma]
• Rhymes: -ama, -a
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Etymology 1

From Latin flamma.

Noun

lama inan

1. (Northern) flame

   Synonym: sugar

Declension

Declension of lama (inan a-stem)

	indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive	lama	lama	lamak	lamok
ergative	lamak	lamak	lamek	lamok
dative	lamari	lamari	lamei	lamoi
genitive	lamaren	lamaren	lamen	lamon
comitative	lamarekin	lamarekin	lamekin	lamokin
causative	lamarengatik	lamarengatik	lamengatik	lamongatik
benefactive	lamarentzat	lamarentzat	lamentzat	lamontzat
instrumental	lamaz	lamaz	lamez	lamotaz
innesive	lamatan	laman	lametan	lamotan
locative	lamatako	lamako	lametako	lamotako
allative	lamatara	lamara	lametara	lamotara
terminative	lamataraino	lamaraino	lametaraino	lamotaraino
directive	lamatarantz	lamarantz	lametarantz	lamotarantz
destinative	lamatarako	lamarako	lametarako	lamotarako
ablative	lamatatik	lamatik	lametatik	lamotatik
partitive	lamarik	—	—	—
prolative	lamatzat	—	—	—

Derived terms

• lamada

Etymology 2

Borrowed from Spanish lama, ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama anim

1. lama

Declension

Declension of lama (anim a-stem)

	indefinite	singular	plural	proximal plural
absolutive	lama	lama	lamak	lamok
ergative	lamak	lamak	lamek	lamok
dative	lamari	lamari	lamei	lamoi
genitive	lamaren	lamaren	lamen	lamon
comitative	lamarekin	lamarekin	lamekin	lamokin
causative	lamarengatik	lamarengatik	lamengatik	lamongatik
benefactive	lamarentzat	lamarentzat	lamentzat	lamontzat
instrumental	lamaz	lamaz	lamez	lamotaz
innesive	lamarengan	lamarengan	lamengan	lamongan
locative	—	—	—	—
allative	lamarengana	lamarengana	lamengana	lamongana
terminative	lamarenganaino	lamarenganaino	lamenganaino	lamonganaino
directive	lamarenganantz	lamarenganantz	lamenganantz	lamonganantz
destinative	lamarenganako	lamarenganako	lamenganako	lamonganako
ablative	lamarengandik	lamarengandik	lamengandik	lamongandik
partitive	lamarik	—	—	—
prolative	lamatzat	—	—	—

Related terms

• lamaismo
• lamaista

Further reading

• “lama”, in Euskaltzaindiaren Hiztegia [Dictionary of the Basque Academy] (in Basque), Euskaltzaindia [Royal Academy of the Basque Language]
• “lama”, in Orotariko Euskal Hiztegia [General Basque Dictionary], Euskaltzaindia, 1987–2005

Blagar

Noun

lama

1. plate

References

• Antoinette Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1 (2014), p. 174

Brunei Malay

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lama/
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Adjective

lama

1. old (age of non-living things)

   buku lama

   old book

Antonyms

• (antonym(s) of “age”): baru (“new”) (non-living things)

Coordinate terms

• (age): tua (“old”) (living things)

Burji

Numeral

láma

1. Romanization of ላማ

Corsican

Lame (1) di cultelli.

U Dalaï Lama, unu lama (2).

Una lama (3).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlama/

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French lame. Cognates include Italian lama.

Noun

lama f (plural lame)

1. blade

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m

1. (Tibetan Buddhism) lama (religious person)

Related terms

• Dalaï Lama

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama f (plural lame)

1. llama (Lama glama)

References

• “lama” in INFCOR: Banca di dati di a lingua corsa

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlama]
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Etymology 1

Noun

lama f

1. llama

Declension

Declension of lama (hard feminine)

	singular	plural
nominative	lama	lamy
genitive	lamy	lam
dative	lamě	lamám
accusative	lamu	lamy
vocative	lamo	lamy
locative	lamě	lamách
instrumental	lamou	lamami

Etymology 2

Alternative forms

• láma

Noun

lama m anim

1. (Buddhism) lama

Declension

Declension of lama (masculine animate in -a)

	singular	plural
nominative	lama	lamové
genitive	lamy	lamů
dative	lamovi	lamům
accusative	lamu	lamy
vocative	lamo	lamové
locative	lamovi	lamech
instrumental	lamou	lamy

Further reading

• “lama”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
• “lama”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlæːma]

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama (definite singular lamaen, or (2 definition) lamaet, indefinite plural lamaer, definite plural lamaerne)

1. llama, Lama glama
2. textile fabric made from wool of lamas

Inflection

Declension of lama

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lama	lamaen lamaet	lamaer	lamaerne
genitive	lamas	lamaens lamaets	lamaers	lamaernes

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama c (singular definite lamaen, plural indefinite lamaer)

1. Buddhist lama

Inflection

Declension of lama

common gender	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lama	lamaen	lamaer	lamaerne
genitive	lamas	lamaens	lamaers	lamaernes

Derived terms

• lamaisme
• lamaistisk

Further reading

• “lama” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlaː.maː/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (plural lama's, diminutive lamaatje n)

1. llama, Lama glama

   Synonym: schaapkameel

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma). This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Noun

lama m (plural lama's, diminutive lamaatje n)

1. Buddhist lama

Derived terms

• dalai lama
• lamaïsme

Etymology 3

Interjection

lama

1. (informal, Internet slang, text messaging) abbreviation of laat maar (“never mind”)

Alternative forms

• lm

Anagrams

• maal

Esperanto

Etymology

From English lame and German lahm.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlama/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ama
• Syllabification: la‧ma

Adjective

lama (accusative singular laman, plural lamaj, accusative plural lamajn)

1. lame (unable to walk properly)

Derived terms

• lame
• lameco
• lami

Related terms

• kripla

Faroese

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama f (genitive singular lamu, plural lamur)

1. llama

Declension

f1	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	lama	laman	lamur	lamurnar
accusative	lamu	lamuna	lamur	lamurnar
dative	lamu	lamuni	lamum	lamunum
genitive	lamu	lamunnar	lama	lamanna

Finnish

Etymology 1

From Proto-Finnic *lama (compare Estonian lamama (“to lie down”), Ludian lama, Votic lama), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *lamaz (“lame, withered; defective”). Alternatively related to Moksha лама (lama) and Erzya ламо (lamo, “many”), although the semantic shift is problematic.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑmɑ/, [ˈlɑ̝mɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑmɑ
• Syllabification^(key): la‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): la‧ma

Noun

lama

1. paralysis, depression (state of being inable to act)

   Hallituksen päätöksenteko on lamassa.

   Government's decisionmaking is in a paralysis.

2. (economics) depression

   Coordinate term: taantuma (“recession, downturn”)

   Talous on lamassa.

   The economy is in a depression.

Declension

Inflection of lama (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		lama	lamat
genitive		laman	lamojen
partitive		lamaa	lamoja
illative		lamaan	lamoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		lama	lamat
accusative	nom.	lama	lamat
	gen.	laman
genitive		laman	lamojen lamain rare
partitive		lamaa	lamoja
inessive		lamassa	lamoissa
elative		lamasta	lamoista
illative		lamaan	lamoihin
adessive		lamalla	lamoilla
ablative		lamalta	lamoilta
allative		lamalle	lamoille
essive		lamana	lamoina
translative		lamaksi	lamoiksi
abessive		lamatta	lamoitta
instructive		—	lamoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of lama (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lamani lamani accusative nom. lamani lamani gen. lamani genitive lamani lamojeni lamaini rare partitive lamaani lamojani inessive lamassani lamoissani elative lamastani lamoistani illative lamaani lamoihini adessive lamallani lamoillani ablative lamaltani lamoiltani allative lamalleni lamoilleni essive lamanani lamoinani translative lamakseni lamoikseni abessive lamattani lamoittani instructive — — comitative — lamoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lamasi lamasi accusative nom. lamasi lamasi gen. lamasi genitive lamasi lamojesi lamaisi rare partitive lamaasi lamojasi inessive lamassasi lamoissasi elative lamastasi lamoistasi illative lamaasi lamoihisi adessive lamallasi lamoillasi ablative lamaltasi lamoiltasi allative lamallesi lamoillesi essive lamanasi lamoinasi translative lamaksesi lamoiksesi abessive lamattasi lamoittasi instructive — — comitative — lamoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lamamme lamamme accusative nom. lamamme lamamme gen. lamamme genitive lamamme lamojemme lamaimme rare partitive lamaamme lamojamme inessive lamassamme lamoissamme elative lamastamme lamoistamme illative lamaamme lamoihimme adessive lamallamme lamoillamme ablative lamaltamme lamoiltamme allative lamallemme lamoillemme essive lamanamme lamoinamme translative lamaksemme lamoiksemme abessive lamattamme lamoittamme instructive — — comitative — lamoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lamanne lamanne accusative nom. lamanne lamanne gen. lamanne genitive lamanne lamojenne lamainne rare partitive lamaanne lamojanne inessive lamassanne lamoissanne elative lamastanne lamoistanne illative lamaanne lamoihinne adessive lamallanne lamoillanne ablative lamaltanne lamoiltanne allative lamallenne lamoillenne essive lamananne lamoinanne translative lamaksenne lamoiksenne abessive lamattanne lamoittanne instructive — — comitative — lamoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative lamansa lamansa accusative nom. lamansa lamansa gen. lamansa genitive lamansa lamojensa lamainsa rare partitive lamaansa lamojaan lamojansa inessive lamassaan lamassansa lamoissaan lamoissansa elative lamastaan lamastansa lamoistaan lamoistansa illative lamaansa lamoihinsa adessive lamallaan lamallansa lamoillaan lamoillansa ablative lamaltaan lamaltansa lamoiltaan lamoiltansa allative lamalleen lamallensa lamoilleen lamoillensa essive lamanaan lamanansa lamoinaan lamoinansa translative lamakseen lamaksensa lamoikseen lamoiksensa abessive lamattaan lamattansa lamoittaan lamoittansa instructive — — comitative — lamoineen lamoinensa

Synonyms

• (state of being inable to act): depressio, lannistuneisuus, lamaannus, masennus

Derived terms

• lamaannus
• lamaannuttaa
• lamaantua
• lamakka
• lamata
• lamauttaa
• lamautua

compounds

• lama-aita
• lamakausi
• lamasalvos
• lamatila
• lamavuosi
• luottolama
• talouslama

Further reading

• “1. lama”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 1 July 2023

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑ(ː)mɑ/, [ˈlɑ̝(ː)mɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑmɑ
• Syllabification^(key): la‧ma
• Hyphenation^(key): la‧ma

Noun

lama

1. (Buddhism) lama

Declension

Inflection of lama (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)
nominative		lama	lamat
genitive		laman	lamojen
partitive		lamaa	lamoja
illative		lamaan	lamoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		lama	lamat
accusative	nom.	lama	lamat
	gen.	laman
genitive		laman	lamojen lamain rare
partitive		lamaa	lamoja
inessive		lamassa	lamoissa
elative		lamasta	lamoista
illative		lamaan	lamoihin
adessive		lamalla	lamoilla
ablative		lamalta	lamoilta
allative		lamalle	lamoille
essive		lamana	lamoina
translative		lamaksi	lamoiksi
abessive		lamatta	lamoitta
instructive		—	lamoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of lama (Kotus type 9/kala, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lamani lamani accusative nom. lamani lamani gen. lamani genitive lamani lamojeni lamaini rare partitive lamaani lamojani inessive lamassani lamoissani elative lamastani lamoistani illative lamaani lamoihini adessive lamallani lamoillani ablative lamaltani lamoiltani allative lamalleni lamoilleni essive lamanani lamoinani translative lamakseni lamoikseni abessive lamattani lamoittani instructive — — comitative — lamoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative lamasi lamasi accusative nom. lamasi lamasi gen. lamasi genitive lamasi lamojesi lamaisi rare partitive lamaasi lamojasi inessive lamassasi lamoissasi elative lamastasi lamoistasi illative lamaasi lamoihisi adessive lamallasi lamoillasi ablative lamaltasi lamoiltasi allative lamallesi lamoillesi essive lamanasi lamoinasi translative lamaksesi lamoiksesi abessive lamattasi lamoittasi instructive — — comitative — lamoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lamamme lamamme accusative nom. lamamme lamamme gen. lamamme genitive lamamme lamojemme lamaimme rare partitive lamaamme lamojamme inessive lamassamme lamoissamme elative lamastamme lamoistamme illative lamaamme lamoihimme adessive lamallamme lamoillamme ablative lamaltamme lamoiltamme allative lamallemme lamoillemme essive lamanamme lamoinamme translative lamaksemme lamoiksemme abessive lamattamme lamoittamme instructive — — comitative — lamoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative lamanne lamanne accusative nom. lamanne lamanne gen. lamanne genitive lamanne lamojenne lamainne rare partitive lamaanne lamojanne inessive lamassanne lamoissanne elative lamastanne lamoistanne illative lamaanne lamoihinne adessive lamallanne lamoillanne ablative lamaltanne lamoiltanne allative lamallenne lamoillenne essive lamananne lamoinanne translative lamaksenne lamoiksenne abessive lamattanne lamoittanne instructive — — comitative — lamoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative lamansa lamansa accusative nom. lamansa lamansa gen. lamansa genitive lamansa lamojensa lamainsa rare partitive lamaansa lamojaan lamojansa inessive lamassaan lamassansa lamoissaan lamoissansa elative lamastaan lamastansa lamoistaan lamoistansa illative lamaansa lamoihinsa adessive lamallaan lamallansa lamoillaan lamoillansa ablative lamaltaan lamaltansa lamoiltaan lamoiltansa allative lamalleen lamallensa lamoilleen lamoillensa essive lamanaan lamanansa lamoinaan lamoinansa translative lamakseen lamaksensa lamoikseen lamoiksensa abessive lamattaan lamattansa lamoittaan lamoittansa instructive — — comitative — lamoineen lamoinensa

Derived terms

• lamaismi
• lamalainen
• lamalaisuus

Further reading

• “2. lama”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 1 July 2023

Anagrams

• Alma

French

Lama 1 Luc Viatour

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /la.ma/

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Vosges)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Lyon)):

  (file)

• Audio (France (Somain)):

  (file)

Etymology 1

From Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (plural lamas)

1. llama

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (plural lamas)

1. (Buddhism) lama

Etymology 3

Inflected forms.

Verb

lama

1. third-person singular past historic of lamer

Further reading

• “lama”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012

Galician

Lama ("mud")

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese lama (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria), either from Latin lāma (“marshy place, bog”), or from Paleo-Hispanic but having the same ultimate origin.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlama/ [ˈla.mɐ]
• Rhymes: -ama
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Noun

lama f (plural lamas)

1. mud

   Onde moitos cuspen, lama fan.

   Where many people spit, they make mud.

   (proverb)

   Synonyms: bullo, lodo, trollo

2. wet meadow; marsh; slough

   Synonyms: bulleiro, lameiro, lamela

Derived terms

• Lama
• Lamaboa
• Lamagrande
• Lamalonga
• Lamamá
• Lamas

Related terms

• lamacento
• lamagorza
• lamazal
• lameira
• Lameira
• lameiro
• Lameiro
• lamela
• Lamiña
• Lamosa
• lamoso
• lamugueiro
• namela

References

• “lama”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2026
• “lama”, in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (in Galician), 2014–2026
• Seoane, Ernesto Xosé González; Granja, María Álvarez de la; Agrelo, Ana Isabel Boullón (2006–2022), “lama”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval [Dictionary of dictionaries of Medieval Galician] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Barreiro, Xavier Varela; Guinovart, Xavier Gómez (2006–2018), “lama”, in Corpus Xelmírez: corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval [Corpus Xelmírez: linguistic corpus of Medieval Galicia] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “lama”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “lama”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “lama”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Haitian Creole

Etymology

From Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama

1. llama

Hawaiian

Etymology

From Proto-Polynesian *rama, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *damaR (compare Māori rama (“torch”), Malay damar (“resin, torch”)).

Noun

lama

1. torch
2. light

Derived terms

• lamalama
• malama

Further reading

• lama in Combined Hawaiian Dictionary, at trussel2.com.

Iban

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *lama (“old, former”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lamaʔ/
• Hyphenation: la‧ma
• Rhymes: -maʔ

Adjective

lama

1. long (duration of time)

   Lama amai Bunyau nyalin baju!

   It's taking so long for Bunyau to put on his clothes!

2. old (inanimate object)

   Utai lama

   Old stuff

3. old (something from the distant past)

   Kesultanan Sarawak lama

   The old Sarawak Sultanate

Icelandic

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlaːma/
• Rhymes: -aːma

Etymology 1

Verb

lama (weak verb, third-person singular past indicative lamaði, supine lamað)

1. to lame, cripple

Conjugation

lama – active voice (germynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að lama
supine sagnbót		lamað
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		lamandi
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	lama	lamaði		lami	lamaði
	þú	lamar	lamaðir		lamir	lamaðir
	hann, hún, það	lamar	lamaði		lami	lamaði
plural	við	lömum	lömuðum		lömum	lömuðum
	þið	lamið	lömuðuð		lamið	lömuðuð
	þeir, þær, þau	lama	lömuðu		lami	lömuðu
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	lama (þú), lamaðu
plural	þið	lamið (þið), lamiði1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

lamast – mediopassive voice (miðmynd)

infinitive nafnháttur		að lamast
supine sagnbót		lamast
present participle lýsingarháttur nútíðar		lamandist (rare; see appendix)
		indicative framsöguháttur			subjunctive viðtengingarháttur
		present nútíð	past þátíð		present nútíð	past þátíð
singular	ég	lamast	lamaðist		lamist	lamaðist
	þú	lamast	lamaðist		lamist	lamaðist
	hann, hún, það	lamast	lamaðist		lamist	lamaðist
plural	við	lömumst	lömuðumst		lömumst	lömuðumst
	þið	lamist	lömuðust		lamist	lömuðust
	þeir, þær, þau	lamast	lömuðust		lamist	lömuðust
		imperative boðháttur
singular	þú	lamast (þú), lamastu
plural	þið	lamist (þið), lamisti1

¹ Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.

lamaður — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)

strong declension (sterk beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	lamaður	lömuð	lamað	lamaðir	lamaðar	lömuð
accusative (þolfall)	lamaðan	lamaða	lamað	lamaða	lamaðar	lömuð
dative (þágufall)	lömuðum	lamaðri	lömuðu	lömuðum	lömuðum	lömuðum
genitive (eignarfall)	lamaðs	lamaðrar	lamaðs	lamaðra	lamaðra	lamaðra
weak declension (veik beyging)	singular (eintala)			plural (fleirtala)
	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)	masculine (karlkyn)	feminine (kvenkyn)	neuter (hvorugkyn)
nominative (nefnifall)	lamaði	lamaða	lamaða	lömuðu	lömuðu	lömuðu
accusative (þolfall)	lamaða	lömuðu	lamaða	lömuðu	lömuðu	lömuðu
dative (þágufall)	lamaða	lömuðu	lamaða	lömuðu	lömuðu	lömuðu
genitive (eignarfall)	lamaða	lömuðu	lamaða	lömuðu	lömuðu	lömuðu

Etymology 2

Adjective

lama (indeclinable)

1. lame

Indonesian

Etymology

Inherited from Malay lama, from Proto-Austronesian *lama.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈlama/ [ˈla.ma]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ama
• Syllabification: la‧ma

Adjective

lama (comparative lebih lama, superlative paling lama)

1. long: having great duration; seemingly lasting a lot of time, because it is boring or tedious or tiring

   Synonym: panjang

2. duration

   Synonym: durasi

3. ancient

   Synonym: kuno

4. old

   Synonyms: butut, tua

Derived terms

• berlama-lama
• kelamaan
• lama-kelamaan
• lama-lama
• memperlama
• memperlamakan
• selama
• selama-lamanya
• selamanya

Further reading

• “lama”, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia [Great Dictionary of the Indonesian Language] (in Indonesian), Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016

Italian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈla.ma/
• Rhymes: -ama
• Hyphenation: là‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from French lame, from Latin lāmina. Doublet of lamina.

Noun

lama f (plural lame)

1. blade (of a razor or sword)
2. (figurative) swordsman/swordswoman

Derived terms

• lametta

Related terms

• spada
• spadaccino

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (invariable)

1. lama (religious person)

Related terms

• lamasseria

Etymology 3

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (invariable)

1. llama

Etymology 4

From Latin lāma.

Noun

lama f (plural lame)

1. bog, fen

Anagrams

• alma

Javanese

Etymology

From Old Javanese lama.

Adjective

lama

1. old

Kashubian

Lama.

Etymology

Borrowed from Polish lama.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈla.ma/
• Rhymes: -ama
• Syllabification: la‧ma

Noun

lama f

1. llama (Lama glama)

References

• Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011), “lama”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi‎^[4]

Laboya

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈlamːa]

Noun

lama

1. tongue

References

• Allahverdi Verdizade (2019), “lama”, in Lamboya word list‎^[5], Leiden: LexiRumah

Latin

Etymology

Uncertain. Possibly cognate to Lithuanian lomà (“hollow, valley”), Latvian lãma (“hollow, pool”), from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂-mo-. Alternatively, from Proto-Indo-European *lókus (source of Latin lacus) via earlier *lacma or *lacsma.

Noun

lāma f (genitive lāmae); first declension

1. slough, bog, fen
   • 20 BCE – 14 BCE, Horace, Epistles 1.13.10:

     vīribus ūtēris per clīvōs, flūmina, lāmās.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 239 BCE – 169 BCE, Ennius, Annales 568:

     [...] silvārum saltūs latebrās lāmāsque lutōsās [...]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

First-declension noun.

	singular	plural
nominative	lāma	lāmae
genitive	lāmae	lāmārum
dative	lāmae	lāmīs
accusative	lāmam	lāmās
ablative	lāmā	lāmīs
vocative	lāma	lāmae

Descendants

• Asturian: llama
• Catalan: llama
• Galician: lama
• Italian: lama
• Portuguese: lama
• Spanish: lama

Further reading

• “lama”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “lama”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "lama", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “lama”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• “lama”, in William Smith, editor (1854, 1857), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, volume 1 & 2, London: Walton and Maberly

Latvian

Etymology

Ultimately from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama f (4th declension)

1. llama

Declension

Declension of lama (4th)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative	lama	lamas
genitive	lamas	lamu
dative	lamai	lamām
accusative	lamu	lamas
instrumental	lamu	lamām
locative	lamā	lamās
vocative	lama	lamas

Noun

lama m (4th declension)

1. lama

Declension

Declension of lama (4th)

	singular (vienskaitlis)	plural (daudzskaitlis)
nominative	lama	lamas
genitive	lamas	lamu
dative	lamam	lamām
accusative	lamu	lamas
instrumental	lamu	lamām
locative	lamā	lamās
vocative	lama	lamas

Malay

Etymology

From Proto-Austronesian *lama (“old, former”).

Pronunciation

• (schwa-variety) IPA^(key): /ˈlamə/ [ˈla.mə]
  • Rhymes: -amə, -ə
• (Baku, Riau-Lingga) IPA^(key): /ˈlama/ [ˈla.ma]
  • Rhymes: -ama, -a
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Adjective

lama (Jawi spelling لاما, comparative lebih lama, superlative paling lama)

1. long (duration of time)

   Lamanya Agus tukar baju!

   It's taking so long for Agus to change his clothes!

2. old (inanimate object)

   Barang lama

   Old stuff

3. old (something from the distant past)

   Kesultanan Melayu Melaka lama

   The old Malacca Sultanate

Derived terms

• lama-lama
• selama-lamanya

Compounds

• telah lama (“long ago, for a long time”)

See also

• panjang (“long in length”)
• tua (“old in age”)

Noun

lama (Jawi spelling لاما, plural lama-lama or lama²)

1. lama

Further reading

• "lama" in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu (PRPM) [Malay Literary Reference Centre (PRPM)] (in Malay), Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017
• Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen; et al. (2023) “*lama₂”, in the CLDF dataset from The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary (2010–), →DOI

Maranao

Noun

lama

1. field
2. yard
3. lawn
4. playground

References

• Howard P. McKaughan, Batua A. Macaraya (1967), A Maranao Dictionary‎^[6] (overall work in Maranao and English), University of Hawaii Press

Northern Puebla Nahuatl

Etymology

C.f. Classical Nahuatl ilama (“old woman”).

Noun

lama

1. female

Derived terms

• lamahchichi
• lamahtotoli
• lamatzin

References

• Brockway, Earl; Hershey de Brockway, Trudy; Santos Valdés, Leodegario (2018), Diccionario náhuatl del norte del estado de Puebla (Series de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves"; 42)‎^[7] (in Spanish), segunda ILV edición (versión electrónica) edition, Instituto Lingüístico de Verano, A.C., page 72

Northern Sami

Pronunciation

• (Kautokeino) IPA^(key): /ˈlama/

Verb

lama

1. inflection of lapmat:
   1. present indicative connegative
   2. second-person singular imperative
   3. imperative connegative

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Spanish llama and Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (definite singular lamaen, indefinite plural lamaer, definite plural lamaene)

1. a llama (South American mammal)

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (definite singular lamaen, indefinite plural lamaer, definite plural lamaene)

1. a lama (Buddhist monk or spiritual leader)

References

• “lama” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
• “lama_1” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).
• “lama_2” in Det Norske Akademis ordbok (NAOB).

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology 1

From Spanish llama and Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (definite singular lamaen, indefinite plural lamaer or lamaar, definite plural lamaene or lamaane)

1. a llama (South American mammal)

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (definite singular lamaen, indefinite plural lamaer or lamaar, definite plural lamaene or lamaane)

1. a lama (Buddhist monk or spiritual leader)

References

• “lama” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old English

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *lam, from Proto-Germanic *lamaz.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlɑ.mɑ/

Adjective

lama

1. lame
2. (substantive) a lame person
   • c. 990, Wessex Gospels, Mark 2:10-11

     Hē cwæð tō þām laman, þē iċ seċġe, arīs, nim ðīn bed, and gā tō þīnum hūse.

     He said to the lame man, "I say to you, arise, take your bed, and go to your house."

Declension

Declension of lama — Weak only

Singular	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	lama	lame	lame
Accusative	laman	laman	lame
Genitive	laman	laman	laman
Dative	laman	laman	laman
Instrumental	laman	laman	laman
Plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	laman	laman	laman
Accusative	laman	laman	laman
Genitive	lamra, lamena	lamra, lamena	lamra, lamena
Dative	lamum	lamum	lamum
Instrumental	lamum	lamum	lamum

Descendants

• Middle English: lame
  • Geordie: lyem
  • Scots: lame
  • English: lame

Old Javanese

Adjective

lama

1. old

Oromo

Oromo cardinal numbers

<  1	2	3  >
Cardinal : lama     Ordinal : lammaffaa

Alternative forms

• (dialectal) ― lɛma (Qottu)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Cushitic *ɬam- (“two”). Compare Afar nammay, Hadiyya lamo, Rendille lama, Somali laba, Kambaata lamo.

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

Numeral

lamá

1. two

Papiamentu

Alternative forms

• laman (alternative spelling)

Etymology

From Spanish la mar and Portuguese mar and Portuguese lama ("mire") and Kabuverdianu már.

Compare Nahuatl láma̱r.

Noun

lama

1. sea
2. ocean
3. beach

Polish

lama

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈla.ma/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ama
• Syllabification: la‧ma

Etymology 1

Borrowed from German Lama.

Noun

lama f

1. llama (Lama glama)

Declension

Declension of lama

	singular	plural
nominative	lama	lamy
genitive	lamy	lam
dative	lamie	lamom
accusative	lamę	lamy
instrumental	lamą	lamami
locative	lamie	lamach
vocative	lamo	lamy

Descendants

• → Kashubian: lama

Etymology 2

Internationalism; compare English lama, French lama, German Lama, ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m pers

1. (Buddhism) lama (master of Tibetan Buddhism)

Declension

Declension of lama

	singular	plural
nominative	lama	lamowie
genitive	lamy	lamów
dative	lamie	lamom
accusative	lamę	lamów
instrumental	lamą	lamami
locative	lamie	lamach
vocative	lamo	lamowie

Etymology 3

Borrowed from French lamé.

Noun

lama f

1. lamé (fabric)

Declension

Declension of lama

	singular
nominative	lama
genitive	lamy
dative	lamie
accusative	lamę
instrumental	lamą
locative	lamie
vocative	lamo

Further reading

• lama in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• lama in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

lama

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlɐ̃.mɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlɐ̃.mɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ˈlɐ.ma/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈlɐ.mɐ/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈlɐ.mɐ/
  • (Northern Portugal) IPA^(key): /ˈla.mɐ/

• Rhymes: -ɐmɐ
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Etymology 1

From Old Galician-Portuguese lama, from Latin lāma (“swamp”).

Noun

lama f (plural lamas)

1. mud (soil and water)

   Synonyms: barro, lodo

Derived terms

• lama vermelha
• enlamear
• arrastar pela lama

Related terms

• lamaçal
• lamaceira
• lamaceiro
• lamacento
• lamarão
• lameira
• lameirão
• lameiro

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma, “lama”).

Noun

lama m (plural lamas)

1. lama (master of Tibetan Buddhism)

Etymology 3

Noun

lama m or f (plural lamas)

1. European Portuguese standard form of lhama

Further reading

• lama on the Portuguese Wikipedia.Wikipedia ^pt
• “lama”, in Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (in Portuguese), Lisbon: Priberam, 2008–2026

Romanian

Etymology

From French lama.

Noun

lama m (uncountable)

1. lama

Declension

singular only	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	lama	lamaul
genitive-dative	lama	lamaului
vocative	lamaule

Slovak

Etymology

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /lama/, [ˈlama]
• Rhymes: -ama
• Hyphenation: la‧ma

Noun

lama f (relational adjective lamí)

1. (zoology) llama

Declension

Declension of lama
(pattern žena)

	singular	plural
nominative	lama	lamy
genitive	lamy	lám
dative	lame	lamám
accusative	lamu	lamy
locative	lame	lamách
instrumental	lamou	lamami

References

• “lama”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2003–2026

Slovene

Etymology 1

From Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /làːma/

Noun

láma f

1. llama (South Americal mammal of the camel family, Llama glama)

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Feminine, a-stem
nom. sing.	láma
gen. sing.	láme
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	láma	lámi	láme
genitive (rodȋlnik)	láme	lám	lám
dative (dajȃlnik)	lámi	lámama	lámam
accusative (tožȋlnik)	lámo	lámi	láme
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	lámi	lámah	lámah
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	lámo	lámama	lámami

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /làːma/

Noun

láma m anim

1. lama (master of Tibetan Buddhism)

Declension

The diacritics used in this section of the entry are non-tonal. If you are a native tonal speaker, please help by adding the tonal marks.

Masculine anim., a-stem
nom. sing.	láma
gen. sing.	láme
	singular	dual	plural
nominative (imenovȃlnik)	láma	lámi	láme
genitive (rodȋlnik)	láme	lám	lám
dative (dajȃlnik)	lámi	lámama	lámam
accusative (tožȋlnik)	lámo	lámi	láme
locative (mẹ̑stnik)	lámi	lámah	lámah
instrumental (orọ̑dnik)	lámo	lámama	lámami

Further reading

• “lama”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU (in Slovene), 2014–2026

Spanish

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈlama/ [ˈla.ma]

• Audio (Costa Rica):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ama
• Syllabification: la‧ma

Etymology 1

From Latin lama.

Noun

lama f (plural lamas)

1. slime, mud
2. fine sand
3. (Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico) moss

   Synonym: musgo

Related terms

• lamedal
• lamero

See also

• baba f
• cieno m

Etymology 2

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (plural lamas)

1. (Buddhism) lama (master of Tibetan Buddhism)

Etymology 3

Verb

lama

1. inflection of lamer:
   1. first/third-person singular present subjunctive
   2. third-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “lama”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.8.1, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 15 December 2025

Swahili

Pronunciation

• (Unguja standard) IPA^(key): /ˈlɑ.mɑ/

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Noun

lama class IX (plural lama class X)

1. llama (camelid animal)

See also

• (Camelids) Camelidae: ngamia na jamaa; ngamia (“camel”) or jamali, lama (“llama”), - (“guanaco”), alpaka (“alpaca”), - (“vicuña”) ^{(Category: sw:Camelids) [edit]}

Swedish

Adjective

lama

1. inflection of lam:
   1. definite singular
   2. plural

Noun

lama c

1. lama; a monk
2. (animal) llama

Declension

Declension of lama

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	lama	lamas
	definite	laman	lamans
plural	indefinite	lamor	lamors
	definite	lamorna	lamornas

References

• lama in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)

Anagrams

• Alma

Turkish

Etymology 1

Borrowed from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama (definite accusative lamayı, plural lamalar)

1. llama, Lama glama

Etymology 2

Ultimately from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama (definite accusative lamayı, plural lamalar)

1. lama, a master of Tibetan Buddhism

Declension

Declension of lama

singular plural nominative lama lamalar definite accusative lamayı lamaları dative lamaya lamalara locative lamada lamalarda ablative lamadan lamalardan genitive lamanın lamaların Possessive forms nominative singular plural 1st singular lamam lamalarım 2nd singular laman lamaların 3rd singular laması lamaları 1st plural lamamız lamalarımız 2nd plural lamanız lamalarınız 3rd plural lamaları lamaları definite accusative singular plural 1st singular lamamı lamalarımı 2nd singular lamanı lamalarını 3rd singular lamasını lamalarını 1st plural lamamızı lamalarımızı 2nd plural lamanızı lamalarınızı 3rd plural lamalarını lamalarını dative singular plural 1st singular lamama lamalarıma 2nd singular lamana lamalarına 3rd singular lamasına lamalarına 1st plural lamamıza lamalarımıza 2nd plural lamanıza lamalarınıza 3rd plural lamalarına lamalarına locative singular plural 1st singular lamamda lamalarımda 2nd singular lamanda lamalarında 3rd singular lamasında lamalarında 1st plural lamamızda lamalarımızda 2nd plural lamanızda lamalarınızda 3rd plural lamalarında lamalarında ablative singular plural 1st singular lamamdan lamalarımdan 2nd singular lamandan lamalarından 3rd singular lamasından lamalarından 1st plural lamamızdan lamalarımızdan 2nd plural lamanızdan lamalarınızdan 3rd plural lamalarından lamalarından genitive singular plural 1st singular lamamın lamalarımın 2nd singular lamanın lamalarının 3rd singular lamasının lamalarının 1st plural lamamızın lamalarımızın 2nd plural lamanızın lamalarınızın 3rd plural lamalarının lamalarının Predicative forms singular plural 1st singular lamayım lamalarım 2nd singular lamasın lamalarsın 3rd singular lama lamadır lamalar lamalardır 1st plural lamayız lamalarız 2nd plural lamasınız lamalarsınız 3rd plural lamalar lamalardır

Welsh

Pronunciation

• (North Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈlama/
• (South Wales) IPA^(key): /ˈlaːma/, /ˈlama/

Etymology 1

From English llama, from Spanish llama, from Quechua llama.

Noun

lama m (plural lamaod, not mutable)

1. llama

Etymology 2

From English lama from Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Noun

lama m (plural lamaod, not mutable)

1. lama

Further reading

• R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke, et al., editors (1950–present), “lama”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

Wutunhua

Etymology

From Tibetan བླ་མ (bla ma).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [lɑmɑ]

Noun

lama

1. lama

   Synonym: alak

References

• Erika Sandman (2016), A Grammar of Wutun‎^[8], University of Helsinki (PhD), →ISBN