御
Translingual
Han character
御 (Kangxi radical 60, 彳+8 in traditional Chinese and Korean, 彳+9 in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, cangjie input 竹人人一中 (HOOML), four-corner 27220, composition ⿰彳卸)
Derived characters
Related characters
- 禦 (This character is simplified to 御 in mainland China)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 368, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10157
- Dae Jaweon: page 693, character 5
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 832, character 16
- Unihan data for U+5FA1
Chinese
Glyph origin
Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : semantic 彳 + semantic 卸.
Etymology 1
trad. | 御 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 御 |
Sino-Tibetan. Schuessler (2007) compared 御 to Burmese [script needed] (môŋ, “drive away, threaten”) and [script needed] (ə-môŋ, “driving”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄩˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yù
- Wade–Giles: yü4
- Yale: yù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yuh
- Palladius: юй (juj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yà
- Wade–Giles: ya4
- Yale: yà
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yah
- Palladius: я (ja)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jä⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu6 / ngaa6
- Yale: yuh / ngah
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy6 / ngaa6
- Guangdong Romanization: yu6 / nga6
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²²/, /ŋaː²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gīr
- Tâi-lô: gīr
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡɯ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gū
- Tâi-lô: gū
- Phofsit Daibuun: gu
- IPA (Xiamen): /ɡu²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡu³³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gī
- Tâi-lô: gī
- Phofsit Daibuun: gi
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡi²²/
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɡi³³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ghe6 / ghe7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: gṳ̆ / gṳ̄
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɡɯ³⁵/, /ɡɯ¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- ghe6 - "to ride" or "to defend against";
- ghe7 - "imperial".
- Middle Chinese: ngjoH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[qʰ](r)aʔ/, /*[ŋ](r)a-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋas/
Definitions
- (prefix) imperial
- to manage, to govern (of the sovereign, by extension, to be present in)
- to ride (on an animal or a vehicle drawn by animals)
- (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 禦 (“to defend against”).
- 我有旨蓄,亦以御冬。宴爾新昏、以我御窮。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11th – 7th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Wǒ yǒu zhǐ xù, yì yǐ yù dōng. Yàn ěr xīn hūn, yǐ wǒ yù qióng. [Pinyin]
- My fine collection of vegetables, is but a provision against the winter. Feasting with your new wife, you think of me as a provision [only] against your poverty.
我有旨蓄,亦以御冬。宴尔新昏、以我御穷。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]
Compounds
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Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of 御 – see 禦 (“to defend”). (This character is the simplified form of 禦). |
Notes:
|
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: ご (go, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ぎょ (gyo, Jōyō)
- Kun: おん (on, 御, Jōyō); お (o, 御); おおん (ōn, 御)←おほん (ofon, 御, historical)←おほむ (ofomu, 御, ancient); み (mi, 御)
As variant kanji of 禦:
Compounds
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
お Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
/oɴ/ → /o/
Already apparent since the 14th century.
Prefix
- indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
Derived terms
- 御家 (oie)
- 御蔭, 御陰 (okage)
- お侠 (okyan)
- 御御 (ogo), 御御 (ogō)
- 御籠もり (okomori)
- お酒 (osake)
- 御師 (oshi)
- 白粉 (oshiroi)
- 御節 (osechi)
- 御膳立て (ozendate)
- 御達し (otasshi)
- お玉杓子 (o-tamajakushi)
- 御田 (oden)
- お転婆 (otenba)
- 御伽話, 御伽噺 (otogibanashi)
- お主 (onushi)
- 御披露目 (ohirome)
- お前 (omae)
- 御虎子 (omaru)
- 御襁褓 (omutsu)
- お御 (omi-)
- お休みなさい (oyasuminasai)
- お礼, 御礼 (orei)
- 御座す (owasu)
Usage notes
Not to be confused with 大 (ō-, “great”), which is a less-commonly used prefix.
Almost exclusively written in hiragana, to disambiguate with the heteronyms below.
Prefixed to the native Japanese words, as in 御水 (o-mizu, “water”) (words read with 訓読み (kun'yomi)). However, there are numerous exceptions such as お弁当 (o-bentō) and お電話 (o-denwa). In old use, prefixed short women's names regardless of the type of reading, for example お菊 (o-Kiku), おしん (o-Shin), お仙 (o-Sen), お妙 (o-Tae), etc. For 外来語 (gairaigo, “(non-Chinese) foreign loan words”), this prefix is seldom used, but somewhat preferred in the jargon of some kinds of industry, as in おビール (o-bīru, “beer”).
Usage varies between speakers, situations, and gender – more polite speech, especially by women, features more use of this prefix, while blunt speech, especially by men, uses it less or not at all (words where the prefix has become mandatory are replaced by blunter terms that do not have the prefix). In rare cases a prefixed term has become impolite, as in 御前 (omae, “you (familiar or derogatory)”).
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
おん Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
/oɸomʉ/ → /owomʉ/ → /oːɴ/ → /oɴ/
Early-Late Middle Japanese shift from ōn- below.[1]
Prefix
- indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
おおん Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
おおむ Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
⟨opomi1⟩ → */opomʲɨ/*/əpəmʲɨ/ → /oɸomʉ/ → /owoɴ/ → /oːɴ/
First attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE), as man'yōgana form 於保无 (opomu- → ōmu-) within 於保无太加良 (opomutakara → ōmutakara, “people”, as a kun reading of 人民).
Shift from Old Japanese 大御 (⟨opomi1⟩ → ōmi-, prefix of maximum honorific).
Both ōmu- and ōn- readings likely existed in free variation until the development of the ん (n) grapheme.
Alternative forms
Prefix
御 • (ōn-) ←おほん (ofon)?
(alternative reading hiragana おおむ, rōmaji ōmu-, historical hiragana おほむ)
- (obsolete) indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
Derived terms
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
み Grade: S |
kun’yomi |
⟨mi1⟩ → */mʲi/ → /mi/
From Old Japanese.
Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.
Alternative forms
Prefix
- (honorific, archaic) added to gods and other spiritually important things
- (honorific, archaic) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
- (honorific, archaic) added to placenames to emphasize beauty
Derived terms
- 御明 (miakashi, “oil lamp lit for Shinto or Buddhist purposes”)
- 御厳, 御稜威 (mi-itsu)
- 御食 (mike, “offering of food to a god or spirit”)
- 御子 (miko, “shrine maiden”)
- 御輿, 神輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”)
- 尊, 命 (mikoto, title used for gods and emperors, and other exalted personages)
- 御坂 (misaka)
- 御簾 (misu)
- 御族 (mizō)
- 御台盤所 (mi-daibandokoro)
- 御手洗 (mitarashi)
- 道, 路, 途, 径 (michi)
- 峰 (mine)
- 御仏 (mihotoke)
- 御許 (mimoto, location of a god, Buddha, emperor, or other object of reverence)
- 御座 (mimashi, presence of a god, Buddha, emperor, or other object of reverence)
- 宮 (miya)
- 御息所 (miyasudokoro)
- 御吉野 (mi-Yoshino)
- お御 (omi-)
Usage notes
Primarily for the religious words, pertaining to gods or the emperor, as in 御輿 (mikoshi, “portable shrine”). However, in this context it is often replaced by 神 ("god", also pronounced mi-), and then a further 御 (o-) may be added, as in 御神輿 (o-mikoshi). The mi- prefix also became merged into other kanji, as in 宮 (miya, “imperial palace”).
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
ご Grade: S |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).
The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.
Prefix
- indicates that the [word] is honorific; often used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the listener (as opposed to the speaker)
Derived terms
Usage notes
Prefixed to the Sino-Japanese words, as in 御主人 (goshujin, “husband”).
While in general this prefix is optional, in many cases it is so commonly used that the base word can no longer be used in isolation, as in 御飯 (gohan, “rice”) – the form ×飯 (*han) is not used alone, though it can be used as parts of compounds (such as 炊飯, suihan, “rice cooking”), and the character can be read in isolation as meshi.
It may also be used with modern foreign borrowings.
- 本日はニコニコ動画に御アクセス頂き、ありがとうございます。
- Honjitsu wa Nikoniko Dōga ni go-akusesu-itadaki, arigatō gozaimasu.
- Thank you for accessing Niconico today.
Etymology 6
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
ご Grade: S |
goon |
Short form of 御前 (gozen, “noble person”).
Suffix
Derived terms
Noun
- (obsolete, archaic, honorific) a lady
- (obsolete, archaic, honorific) form of address to a woman or a court lady: my Lady
- used in the plural form 御達 (gotachi)
Derived terms
Etymology 7
Kanji in this term |
---|
御 |
ぎょ Grade: S |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 御 (MC ngjoH).
The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.
Alternative forms
- (horseriding, coachman): 馭
Noun
- equestrianism, horseriding
- a coachman
- (by extension) serving nearby (to an aristocrat, etc.)
Derived terms
Prefix
- prefixed to make a honorific kanji compound, especially used to indicate that the [word] belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
Derived terms
Suffix
- suffixed to make a honorific kanji compound which means the action belongs or is related to the emperor and/or the equivalents
Derived terms
Affix
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
御 • (eo, a) (hangeul 어, 아, revised eo, a, McCune–Reischauer ŏ, a, Yale e, a)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Old Japanese
Etymology
Cognate with 霊, 神 (mi1, “spirit, god”), as this prefix was originally used to refer to gods and other spiritually important things.
Prefix
御 (mi1-) (kana み)
- (honorific) added to gods and other spiritually important things
- (honorific) added to nouns to indicate godlike respect
- (honorific) added to placenames to emphasize beauty
Derived terms
Descendants
Vietnamese
Han character
(deprecated template usage) 御 (ngự, ngợ, ngừ, ngừa)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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