來

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See also: 来, 徠, and 夾

Template:character info/new

Translingual

Traditional 來
Simplified 来
Japanese 来
Korean 來
Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

來 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 木人人 (DOO), four-corner 40908, composition ⿻木从)

Descendants

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 581
  • Dae Jaweon: page 214, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 141, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4F86

Chinese

trad. 來
simp. 来
alternative forms 𧼛

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 來
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j13740
j13741
j13742
j13743
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j13751
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j13761
j13762
j13763
j13764
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j13771
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j13807
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j13810
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j13812
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j13839
j13840
j13841
j13842
j13843
j13844
j13845
j13846
j13847
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j13849
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j13851
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j13900
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j13902
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j13905
j13906
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j13908
j13909
j13910
j13911
j13912
j13913
j13914
j13915
j13916
j13917
j13918
j13919
j13920
b08481
b08482
b08483
b08484
b08485
b08486
b08487
b08488
b08489
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Transcribed ancient scripts
L30969
L30970
L30971
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L30973
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L30975
L30976
L30977
L30978
L03906
L03907
L03908
L03909
L03910
L03911
L03912
L03913
L03914
L03915
L03916
L03917
L03918
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (來) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
來 *m·rɯːɡ
萊 *rɯː, *rɯːs
淶 *rɯː
徠 *rɯː, *rɯːs
崍 *rɯː
郲 *rɯː, *ruːlʔ, *ruːlʔ
騋 *rɯː
猍 *rɯː
鯠 *rɯː
鶆 *rɯː
庲 *rɯː
棶 *rɯː
斄 *rɯː, *rɯ
逨 *rɯː, *rɯːs
麳 *rɯː
唻 *rɯːʔ, *rrɯː
賚 *rɯːs
睞 *rɯːs
勑 *rɯːs
誺 *rɯːs, *r̥ʰɯ, *r̥ʰɯs, *r̥ʰɯs
倈 *rɯ
憖 *ŋrɯns
猌 *ŋrɯns
麥 *mrɯːɡ

Pictogram (象形) of wheat – original character of 麥 (OC *mrɯːɡ, “wheat”) or 麳 (OC *rɯː, “wheat”). The line in the middle represents the ear, the two lines pointing upwards represent leaves, and the lines pointing downwards represent the stem and roots. An additional horizontal line was often added at the top end of the character, possibly used to emphasize the ear of the wheat. Compare 禾.

This character has been borrowed for “to come” since the oracle bone script. During the Western Zhou and Warring States periods, additional semantic components, such as 止 (“foot”) or 辵 (“to walk”), were added to differentiate the original sense from the borrowed sense. However, these additions were not inherited in later scripts.

Some consider the derivative 麥 from the addition of 夊 (“to walk slowly”) to be the original form for the meaning “to come”. If so, their meanings have interchanged due to frequent use of 來 for “to come”.

Shuowen connects “wheat” and “to come” from a mythological standpoint: 天所來也 (“it comes from the heavens”). This may be supported by archaeological evidence, which suggests that wheat is not native to China, but originated in the Fertile Crescent.

來 and 麥 have both been reconstructed to begin with *mr- in Old Chinese. The former retains the liquid as /l/, while the latter retains the nasal /m/.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-j ~ ra (“to come”) (STEDT). Cognate with 迨 (OC *l'ɯːʔ, “to reach; until”), 賚 (OC *rɯːs, “to bestow”), Burmese လာ (la, “to come”). Also cognate with 蒞 (OC *rɯbs, “to arrive”) according to Schuessler (2007).

Pronunciation

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Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 來

  1. to come; to arrive
    Template:zh-ant
  2. to happen; to occur
  3. to do (specific meaning depending on the context)
  4. since
  5. next; coming; future
  6. (after a number) about; approximately; around
  7. Used after a verb of motion to indicate movement toward the speaker.
    • 下來／下来  ―  xiàlái  ―  to come down [compare 下去 (xiàqù, “to go down”)]
    • 進來／进来  ―  jìnlái  ―  to come in
  8. Used before a verb to express volition.
  9. Used with 不 or 得 to express capability.
    我做不來俯臥撐。 [MSC, trad.]
    我做不来俯卧撑。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zuò bù lái fǔwòchēng. [Pinyin]
    I can't do push-ups.
  10. Used after numerals in colloquial lists.
  11. Meaningless particle for rhythmic purposes.
  12. a surname

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 來 (“to come”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 來
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 來
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 來
Taiwan 來
Malaysia 來
Singapore 來
Cantonese Guangzhou 嚟
Hong Kong 嚟
Macau 嚟
Taishan 來
Qingyuan 來
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 嚟
Singapore (Guangfu) 嚟
Hakka Meixian 來
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 來
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 來
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 來
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 來
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 來
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 來
Eastern Min Singapore (Fuqing) 來
Sitiawan (Gutian) 來
Southern Min Xiamen 來
Taipei 來
New Taipei (Sanxia) 來
Kaohsiung 來
Yilan 來
Changhua (Lukang) 來
Taichung 來
Tainan 來
Hsinchu 來
Kinmen 來
Penghu (Magong) 來
Penang (Hokkien) 來
Singapore (Hokkien) 來
Manila (Hokkien) 來
Chaozhou 來
Shantou 來
Shantou (Chaoyang) 來
Singapore (Teochew) 來
Wu Shanghai 來
Suzhou 來
Hangzhou 來
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 來

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (來):
  • → Japanese: 来(らい) (rai)
  • → Korean: 래(來) (rae)
  • → Vietnamese: lai (來)

Compounds

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Further reading

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Shinjitai

来

Kyūjitai

來

Kanji

來

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 来)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 来

Readings

Etymology

For pronunciation and definitions of 來 – see the following entry.
【来】2
[kanji] Grade 2 kanji
(This term, 來, is the kyūjitai of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

來 (eumhun 올 래 (ol rae))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

來 (ku) (kana く)

  1. to come (towards the speaker), approach
    • 711–712, Kojiki, poem 51:
      ...伊良那祁久曾許爾淤母比傅加那志祁久許許爾淤母比傅伊岐良受曾久流阿豆佐由美麻由美
      ...iranake1ku so2ko2 ni omo2pi1de kanasike1ku ko2ko2 ni omo2pi1de iki1razu so kuru adusayumi1 mayumi1
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 4, poem 527:
      將來云毛不來時有乎不來云乎將來常者不待不來云物乎
      ko2mu to2 ipu mo ko2nu to2ki1 aru wo ko2zi to2 ipu wo ko2mu to2 pa matazi ko2zi to2 ipu mono2 wo
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  2. to go (to a direction or place far from the speaker but near the listener)
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 15, poem 3589:
      由布佐禮婆比具良之伎奈久伊故麻山古延弖曾安我久流伊毛我目乎保里
      yupu sareba pi1gurasi ki1naku Iko2ma-yama ko1yete so2 a ga kuru imo ga me2 wo pori
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  3. (suffixed to the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem form”) of a verb) to gradually begin to [verb]
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 14, poem 3453:
      可是能等能登抱吉和伎母賀吉西斯伎奴多母登乃久太利麻欲比伎爾家利
      kaze no2 to2 no2 kaze no2 to2poki1 wagi1mo ga ki1sesi ki1nu tamoto2 no2 kudari mayo1piki1nike1ri
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Conjugation
Classical conjugation of "來" (カ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) 來 こ ko
Continuative (連用形) 來 き ki
Terminal (終止形) 來 く ku
Attributive (連体形) 來る くる kuru
Realis (已然形) 來れ くれ kure
Imperative (命令形) 來
來よ		 こ
こよ		 ko
koyo
Key constructions
Negative 來ず こず kozu
Contrasting conjunction 來れど くれど kuredo
Causal conjunction 來れば くれば kureba
Conditional conjunction 來ば こば koba
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) 來し[1]
來し[1]		 こし
きし		 kosi
kisi
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) 來けり きけり kikeri
Perfect tense (conscious action) 來つ きつ kitu
Perfect tense (natural event) 來ぬ きぬ kinu
Perfect-continuative tense 來たり きたり kitari
Volitional 來む こむ komu
[1]Attributive form, as the terminal form (lemma) does not exist for this construction in this conjugation.
Derived terms
Descendants

Etymology 2

Eastern Old Japanese form of the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 來 (ku) above.

Adverb

來 (ke1) (kana け)

  1. (regional, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 20, poem 4337:
      美豆等利乃多知能已蘇岐爾父母爾毛能波須價爾弖已麻叙久夜志伎
      miduto2ri no2 tati no2 iso1gi1 ni titipapa ni mono2pazu ke1nite ima zo kuyasiki1
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 來 (lai, lay, lơi, ray, rơi, rời)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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