石

See also: 右

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

石 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 一口 (MR), four-corner 1060₀, composition ⿸丆口)

1. Kangxi radical #112, ⽯.

Derived characters

• Index:Chinese radical/石

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 827, character 1
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24024
• Dae Jaweon: page 1239, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2416, character 1
• Unihan data for U+77F3

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Chinese

simp. and trad.		石

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 石
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (石) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
柘	*tjaɡs
妬	*taːɡs
蠹	*taːɡs
沰	*taːɡ, *tʰaːɡ
拓	*tʰaːɡ, *tjaɡ
橐	*tʰaːɡ
袥	*tʰaːɡ
驝	*tʰaːɡ, *raːɡ
斫	*tjaɡ
磭	*ŋrɯnʔ, *ŋ̊ʰjaɡ, *ŋaɡ
磔	*rtaːɡ
跖	*tjaɡ
石	*djaɡ
碩	*djaɡ
祏	*djaɡ
鉐	*djaɡ
鼫	*djaɡ

Pictogram (象形) : a stone beneath a cliff (厂). The cliff was subsequently distorted into 丆.

Alternatively, a cave set into the side of a cliff or mountain.

Etymology 1

Etymology not certain. Probably related to Proto-Vietic *l-taːʔ (“stone”) and Khmer ដា (daa, “rock; stone”) (Schuessler, 2007), to which Chinese would have added the familiar final -k.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shí (shi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): sek⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sa̍k
• Northern Min (KCR): ciō̤
• Eastern Min (BUC): siŏh / sĭk
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): chio̍h / siā / sia̍h / se̍k / si̍t / sia̍k

  (Teochew, Peng'im): zioh⁸

• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁸zaq

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shí
    • Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
    • Wade–Giles: shih²
    • Yale: shŕ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
    • Palladius: ши (ši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: sek⁶
    • Yale: sehk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sek⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ség⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛːk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sa̍k
    • Hakka Romanization System: sag
    • Hagfa Pinyim: sag⁶
    • Sinological IPA: /sak̚⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ciō̤
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡siɔ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: siŏh / sĭk
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suoʔ⁵/, /siʔ⁵/

Note:

• siŏh - vernacular;
• sĭk - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chio̍h
    • Tâi-lô: tsio̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: cioih
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɤʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /t͡sioʔ⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡sioʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡sioʔ¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā
    • Tâi-lô: siā
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sia
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sia²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sia⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍h
    • Tâi-lô: sia̍h
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siah
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /siaʔ²⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siaʔ⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: se̍k
    • Tâi-lô: si̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sek
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɪk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /siɪk̚¹²¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: si̍t
    • Tâi-lô: si̍t
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sit
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sit̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sia̍k
    • Tâi-lô: sia̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siak
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /siak̚²⁴/

Note:

• chio̍h - vernacular;
• siā/sia̍h - vernacular (limited, e.g. 石榴, 石硯, 石石 (siā-chio̍h));
• se̍k/si̍t/sia̍k - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: zioh⁸
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsio̍h
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sioʔ⁴/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁸zaq
    • MiniDict: zah^入
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵zaq
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zaʔ¹²/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 石
Mandarin	Beijing	/ʂʐ̩³⁵/
	Harbin	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ʂʐ̩⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ʃz̩⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁴²/
	Xi'an	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xining	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ʂʐ̩¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ʂʐ̩⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/sz̩²¹³/
	Chengdu	/sz̩³¹/
	Guiyang	/sz̩²¹/
	Kunming	/ʂʐ̩³¹/
	Nanjing	/ʂʐ̩ʔ⁵/
	Hefei	/ʂəʔ⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/səʔ⁵⁴/
	Pingyao	/ʂʌʔ⁵³/
	Hohhot	/səʔ⁴³/
Wu	Shanghai	/zaʔ¹/
	Suzhou	/zɑʔ³/
	Hangzhou	/zɑʔ²/
	Wenzhou	/zei²¹³/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕi²²/
	Tunxi	/ɕi¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ʂʐ̩²⁴/
	Xiangtan	/ʂɒ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/sɑʔ²/
Hakka	Meixian	/sak̚⁵/
	Taoyuan	/ʃɑk̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/sɛk̚²/
	Nanning	/sɛk̚²²/
	Hong Kong	/sɛk̚²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/sik̚⁵/ /t͡sioʔ⁵/ /sia²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/suoʔ⁵/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/t͡siɔ⁴⁴/ /si⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/t͡sioʔ⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/sek̚⁵/ /t͡sio³³/

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• Middle Chinese: dzyek

Rime
Character	石
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	常 (25)
Final (韻)	昔 (123)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	常隻切
Baxter	dzyek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑiᴇk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑiɛk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑiæk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑiajk̚/
Li Rong	/ʑiɛk̚/
Wang Li	/ʑĭɛk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑi̯ɛk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sik6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*dAk/

  (Zhengzhang): /*djaɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	石
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shí
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyek ›
Old Chinese	/*dAk/
English	stone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	石
Reading #	1/1
No.	11470
Phonetic component	石
Rime group	鐸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	石
Old Chinese	/*djaɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 石

1. stone; rock
2. a surname

   石陽／石阳  ―  Shí Yáng  ―  Shih Yang (a pirate leader who terrorized the China Seas during the early 19th century)

Etymology 2

From 擔／担 (dàn) (Qiu, 1988).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dàn, shí (dan⁴, shi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄢˋ, ㄕˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): daam³
• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵te

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: dàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: dàn
    • Wade–Giles: tan⁴
    • Yale: dàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dann
    • Palladius: дань (danʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tän⁵¹/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, literary variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shí
    • Zhuyin: ㄕˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shíh
    • Wade–Giles: shih²
    • Yale: shŕ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyr
    • Palladius: ши (ši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: daam³
    • Yale: daam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: daam³
    • Guangdong Romanization: dam³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /taːm³³/
• Wu
  • (Shanghai):
    • Wugniu: ⁵te
    • MiniDict: te^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²te
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /te³⁴/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 石

1. ^† a unit of dry measure for grain (equal to 100 liters)

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Japanese

Kanji

石

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: じゃく (jaku)^{←じやく (zyaku, historical)}
• Kan-on: せき (seki, Jōyō)
• Kan’yō-on: こく (koku, Jōyō ^†); しゃく (shaku, Jōyō ^†)^{←しやく (syaku, historical)}
• Kun: いし (ishi, 石, Jōyō); いわ (iwa)^{←いは (ifa, historical)}
• Nanori: あつ (atsu); いさ (isa); いす (isu); いそ (iso); かた (kata); し (shi); せっく (sekku); と (to)

Compounds

Compounds

• 石(しゃく)南(な)花(げ), 石(しゃく)楠(な)花(げ) (shakunage)
• 石(せき)英(えい) (sekiei, “quartz; crystal”)
• 石(せき)菖(しょう) (sekishō, “Japanese sweet flag”)
• 石(せき)製(せい) (sekisei, “stonen”)
• 石(せき)炭(たん) (sekitan, “coal”)
• 石(せき)板(ばん) (sekiban, “slate”)
• 石(せき)版(ばん) (sekiban, “lithograph”)
• 石(せき)盤(ばん) (sekiban, “slate”)
• 石(せき)油(ゆ) (sekiyu, “oil, petroleum”)
• 石(せっ)灰(かい) (sekkai, “lime (mineral), quicklime, caustic lime”)
• 石(せっ)棺(かん) (sekkan, “sarcophagus; stone coffin”)
• 懐(かい)石(せき) (kaiseki, “simple meal eaten before tea is served”)
• 化(か)石(せき) (kaseki, “fossil, fossil remains; petrifaction, fossilisation”)
• 岩(がん)石(せき) (ganseki, “rock”)
• 奇(き)石(せき) (kiseki, “rare stone; precious gem”)
• 輝(き)石(せき) (kiseki, “pyroxene, augite”)
• 金(こん)剛(ごう)石(せき) (kongōseki, “diamond”)
• 歯(し)石(せき) (shiseki, “dental calculus, tartar”)
• 硝(しょう)石(せき) (shōseki, “saltpetre”)
• 聖(せい)石(せき) (seiseki, “holy stone, rock or mineral”)
• 胆(たん)石(せき) (tanseki, “gallstones”)
• 宝(ほう)石(せき) (hōseki, “gemstone”)
• 木(ぼく)石(せき) (bokuseki, “trees and stones”)
• 石蓴(あおさ) (aosa, “sea lettuce”)
• 石(いわ)見(み) (Iwami)
• 流石(さすが) (sasuga)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
石
いし Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨isi⟩ → */ɨsi/ → /iɕi/

From Old Japanese.

Likely cognate with 磯 (iso, “pebble; gravel; rocky beach”).

Noun

石(いし) • (ishi) 

1. a stone
   • 1999 March 27, “:Template:laja [Stone Armadiller]”, in Vol.2, Konami:

     体(からだ)が石(いし)のように堅(かた)い毛(け)で覆(おお)われており、守(まも)りがかたい。

     Karada ga ishi no yō ni katai ke de ōwareteori, mamori ga katai.

     With a body covered in a coat as hard as stones, its defense is solid.

2. (slang, electronics) a transistor

Derived terms

• 石(いし)室(むろ) (ishimuro, “stone hut”)
• 大(おお)石(いし) (Ōishi)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
石
こく Grade: 1
kan’yōon

From Middle Chinese 斛 (MC huwk).

The 石 spelling came about through customary use in Japan of this character for the unit of measure.

Noun

石(こく) • (koku) 

1. a traditional Japanese unit of volume:
   1. for grains of rice; one koku is equal to approximately 180 litres
   2. (by extension, historical) for land of famous daimyo or samurai; one koku is also approximately 180 litres
   3. for 和船 (wasen); one koku is equal to 10 cubic shaku or approximately 0.278 cubic metres
2. a unit of quantity for 鮭 (sake, “salmon”) and 鱒 (masu, “trout”); one koku is equal to 40 salmons or 60 trouts

Derived terms

• 石(こく)高(だか) (kokudaka)

Descendants

• → English: koku

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
石
せき Grade: 1
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 石 (MC dzyek).

Counter

石(せき) or 石(counter) • (seki or counter) [[Category:Japanese
|せき]]

1. counter for gemstones used as bearings in watches and other devices
2. (slang, electronics) counter for transistors, especially discrete ones

   六(ろく)石(せき)ラジオ

   rokuseki rajio

   six-transistor radio

Noun

石(せき) • (seki) 

1. Same as こく (koku) above

Affix

石(せき) • (seki) 

1. stone
2. needle made of stone
3. go stone
4. something solid but worthless
5. Short for 石見国 (Iwami-no-kuni): Iwami Province

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Korean

Hanja

石 (eumhun 돌 석 (dol seok))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Kunigami

Kanji

石

• Kun: しー (shī)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ɕiː/

Noun

石 (hiragana しー, romaji shī)

1. stone

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Miyako

Kanji

石

• Kun: いす (isu)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /iss̩/, /isz̩/

Noun

石 (hiragana いす, romaji isu)

1. stone

References

• “イス” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Miyako Dialect Dictionary.

“いす” in Celik Kenan Thibault, Online Miyako Dictionary, 2016.

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Okinawan

Kanji

石

• Kun: いし (ishi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔiɕi/

Noun

石 (hiragana いし, romaji ishi)

1. stone

References

• “イシ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).

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Old Japanese

Etymology

Cognate with 磯 (iso₁, “pebble; gravel; rocky beach”).

Noun

石 (isi) (kana いし)

1. a stone
   • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 5, poem 869:
     , text here

     多良志比賣可尾能美許等能奈都良須等美多多志世利斯伊志遠多礼美吉

     tarasi pi₁me₁ kami₂ no₂ mi₁ko₂to₂ no₂ na turasu to₂ mi₁-tatasi serisi isi wo tare miki₁

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

     [Note: Another version replaces na turasu to₂ with 阿由都流等 (ayu turu to₂, “catching sweetfishes”)

Derived terms

• 大石 (opoisi), 大石 (opi₂si)

Descendants

• Japanese: 石 (ishi)

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Vietnamese

Han character

石: Hán Việt readings: thạch, đán
石: Nôm readings: thạch, sạch

1. Template:han tu form of

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Yaeyama

Kanji

石

• Kun: いしぃ (isï)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ʔisɨ/

Noun

石 (hiragana いしぃ, romaji isï)

1. stone

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Yonaguni

Kanji

石

• Kun: いち (ichi)

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese 石 (ishi).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /it͡ɕi/

Noun

石 (hiragana いち, romaji ichi)

1. stone

References

• “いち【石】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.