bark

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See also: Bark

English

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Pronunciation

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  • Audio (UK):(file)
  • Audio (US):(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k
  • Homophone: barque

Etymology 1

From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-Germanic *berkaną (“to bark, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brgljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).

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Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    Synonym: give tongue
    The neighbour's dog is always barking.
    The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:
      And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • (Can we date this quote?), Fuller
      Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) To speak sharply.
    The sergeant barked an order.
    • 1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 3:
      Plainly he was prepared to bark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎[1]:
      While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.
Usage notes

Historically, bork existed as a past tense form and borken as a past participle, but both forms are now obsolete.

Synonyms
Derived terms
Terms derived from bark verb
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
  2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
    • c. 1921, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume 11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkr, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

Noun

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

  2. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia...‎[2], page 346:
      The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎[3]:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
  3. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
  5. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  7. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
  8. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
  • (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Derived terms

Template:mid2

Translations
in medicine — see Jesuit's bark

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:
      Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    to bark one’s heel
    • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in The Guardian‎[4]:
      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.
  3. To girdle.
  4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
    bark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
Translations
to girdle — see girdle

Etymology 3

From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Doublet of barge and barque.

Alternative forms

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
  3. (nautical) A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
Translations

Anagrams

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from *bʰor-ukos, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Old Irish bru (“belly”), bruach (“big-bellied”), Russian брю́хо (brjúxo, “lower abdomen, belly, paunch”). More at bie and barrë.

Noun

bark m (plural barqe, definite barku, definite plural barqet)

  1. (anatomy) belly

Declension

Declension of bark
indefinite definite
singular plural singular plural
nominative bark barqe barku barqet
accusative barkun
dative barku barqeve barkut barqeve
ablative barqesh

Derived terms

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)

Etymology 2

From Old Norse barki

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker)

  1. bark (large sailing boat)
Inflection
Declension of bark
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barken barker barkerne
genitive barks barkens barkers barkernes

References

Dutch

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque.

Noun

bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat

Anagrams

Faroese

Etymology

From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),

bbAAy
r Z1		 P1

Noun

bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)

  1. (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

Declension of bark
f2 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative bark barkin barkir barkirnar
accusative bark barkina barkir barkirnar
dative bark barkini barkum barkunum
genitive barkar barkarinnar barka barkanna

Synonyms

Middle English

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Pronunciation

Noun

bark (plural barkes)

  1. bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
  2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
  3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

Derived terms

Descendants

  • English: bark
  • Scots: bark

References

Norwegian Bokmål

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)

  1. bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)

Derived terms

See also

Etymology 2

Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

From Late Latin barca, via French barque

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

Norwegian Nynorsk

Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

Etymology

From Late Latin barca, via French barque

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

Polish

Polish Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia pl

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From Proto-Slavic *bъrkъ.

Noun

bark m inan

  1. shoulder
Declension
Declension of bark
singular plural
nominative bark barki
genitive barku barków
dative barkowi barkom
accusative bark barki
instrumental barkiem barkami
locative barku barkach
vocative barku barki

Etymology 2

From Latin barca.

Noun

bark m inan

  1. barque (sailing vessel)
Declension
Declension of bark
singular plural
nominative bark barki
genitive barku barków
dative barkowi barkom
accusative bark barki
instrumental barkiem barkami
locative barku barkach
vocative barku barki

Etymology 3

Noun

bark m inan

  1. unit in the Bark scale

Further reading

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Noun

bark c (uncountable)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
    Hyponym: barka
  2. barque (type of ship)
    Synonym: barkskepp

Declension

Declension of bark 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative bark barken barkar barkarna
Genitive barks barkens barkars barkarnas
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