梅
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Translingual
[edit]Japanese | 梅 |
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Simplified | 梅 |
Traditional | 梅 |
Alternative forms
[edit]In Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese scripts, the right side component is written 每 (contains 母 with 2 dots). In Japanese shinjitai, the component is simplified to 毎 (contains 毋 with a single middle stroke). Due to Han unification, both characters (梅/梅) are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+FA44) exists for the kyūjitai form of 梅.
Han character
[edit]梅 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7 in Chinese, 木+6 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 木人田卜 (DOWY), four-corner 48957, composition ⿰木每(GHTKV) or ⿰木毎(J))
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 528, character 8
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14795
- Dae Jaweon: page 916, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1215, character 13
- Unihan data for U+6885
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
梅 | |
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alternative forms |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 梅 |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Small seal script |
Old Chinese | |
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脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
呣 | *mɯ |
拇 | *mɯʔ |
母 | *mɯʔ |
胟 | *mɯʔ |
姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
畮 | *mɯʔ |
踇 | *mɯʔ |
苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
毋 | *ma |
梅 | *mɯː |
酶 | *mɯː |
鋂 | *mɯː |
每 | *mɯːʔ |
毎 | *mɯːs |
痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
晦 | *hmɯːs |
誨 | *hmɯːs |
悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
霉 | *mrɯl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *mɯː) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Etymology
[edit]Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume2) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River,[1] now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): mô
- Eastern Min (BUC): muòi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6me / 2me / 2mei
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: méi
- Wade–Giles: mei2
- Yale: méi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mei
- Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /meɪ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mui4 / mui4-2
- Yale: mùih / múi
- Cantonese Pinyin: mui4 / mui4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: mui4 / mui4-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /muːi̯²¹/, /muːi̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: moi3 / moi3*
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbᵘɔi²²/, /ᵐbᵘɔi²²⁻²²⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mòi
- Hakka Romanization System: moiˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: moi2
- Sinological IPA: /moi̯¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: moi
- Sinological IPA: /moi⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mô
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muòi
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: môe
- Tâi-lô: muê
- Phofsit Daibuun: moee
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /muẽ²³/
- (Hokkien: Tainan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: moâi
- Tâi-lô: muâi
- Phofsit Daibuun: moaai
- IPA (Tainan): /muãi²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mûi
- Tâi-lô: muî
- Phofsit Daibuun: muii
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /muĩ²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /muĩ²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bôe
- Tâi-lô: buê
- Phofsit Daibuun: boee
- IPA (Yilan): /bue²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /bue¹³/
- Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou:
- m̂ - vernacular;
- mûi/bôe - literary.
- mainstream Taiwan:
- môe/m̂ - vernacular;
- mûi - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: mwoj
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤə/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯː/
Definitions
[edit]梅
- Prunus mume (Chinese plum or Japanese apricot)
- (in compounds) A plant sharing similarities with Prunus mume in habit, flowers or fruits
- (obsolete) Alternative name for 楠 (nán, “Machilus nanmu”).
- Short for 梅雨 (méiyǔ).
- Short for 梅州 (Méizhōu).
- a surname
Descendants
[edit]- → Malay: boi
Others:
Compounds
[edit]- 乾梅/干梅
- 二度梅
- 入梅 (rùméi)
- 出梅
- 妻梅子鶴/妻梅子鹤
- 寒梅 (hánméi)
- 恩梅開江/恩梅开江 (Ēnméikāi Jiāng)
- 摽有梅
- 摽梅
- 摽梅之年
- 望梅止渴 (wàngméizhǐkě)
- 望梅消渴
- 杏梅
- 梅乾/梅干
- 梅仙
- 梅天
- 梅妃
- 梅妝/梅妆
- 梅妻鶴子/梅妻鹤子 (méiqīhèzǐ)
- 梅子 (méizi)
- 梅子溝/梅子沟 (Méizigōu)
- 梅家岩 (Méijiāyán)
- 梅家河 (Méijiāhé)
- 梅山 (Méishān)
- 梅山鄉/梅山乡
- 梅嶺/梅岭
- 梅川 (Méichuān)
- 梅市 (Méishì)
- 梅店 (Méidiàn)
- 梅拉尼婭/梅拉尼娅 (Méilāníyà)
- 梅月 (Méiyuè)
- 梅梅
- 梅樹/梅树
- 梅毒 (méidú)
- 梅湯/梅汤
- 梅田
- 梅花 (méihuā)
- 梅花三弄
- 梅花大鼓
- 梅花妝/梅花妆
- 梅花小娘
- 梅花嶺/梅花岭
- 梅花席
- 梅花樁/梅花桩
- 梅花鹿 (méihuālù)
- 梅菉 (Méilù)
- 梅豆
- 梅酒 (méijiǔ)
- 梅酢
- 梅鋪/梅铺 (Méipù)
- 梅開二度/梅开二度 (méikāi'èrdù)
- 梅雨 (méiyǔ)
- 梅風/梅风
- 梅香
- 梅鶴因緣/梅鹤因缘
- 楊梅/杨梅 (yángméi)
- 榆葉梅/榆叶梅
- 檕梅 (jìméi)
- 止渴思梅
- 江梅
- 洛梅
- 滷梅水/卤梅水
- 澆梅根/浇梅根
- 烏梅/乌梅 (wūméi)
- 烏梅酒/乌梅酒
- 米高梅 (Mǐ-Gāo-Méi)
- 紅梅記/红梅记
- 老梅 (Lǎoméi)
- 臘梅/腊梅 (làméi)
- 茶梅 (cháméi)
- 落梅風/落梅风
- 蠟梅/蜡梅 (làméi)
- 話梅/话梅 (huàméi)
- 說梅止渴/说梅止渴
- 踏雪尋梅/踏雪寻梅
- 酸梅 (suānméi)
- 酸梅湯/酸梅汤 (suānméitāng)
- 金梅草
- 金瓶梅 (Jīnpíngméi)
- 金鏤梅科/金镂梅科
- 陳皮梅/陈皮梅 (chénpíméi)
- 青梅竹馬/青梅竹马 (qīngméizhúmǎ)
- 鹽梅/盐梅
- 黃梅/黄梅 (huángméi)
- 黃梅天/黄梅天 (huángméitiān)
- 黃梅季/黄梅季 (huángméijì)
- 黃梅戲/黄梅戏 (huángméixì)
- 黃梅時候/黄梅时候
- 黃梅調/黄梅调
- 黃梅雨/黄梅雨
References
[edit]- “梅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- ^ Uematsu, Chiyomi, Sasakuma, Tetsuo, Ogihara, Yasunari (1991) “Phylogenetic relationships in the stone fruit group of Prunus as revealed by restriction fragment analysis of chloroplast DNA”, in The Japanese Journal of Genetics, volume 66, number 1, , →PMID, page 60: “P. mume had its origin in South China around the Yangtze River (Kyotani, 1989b).”
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 梅 | |
Kyūjitai [1][2][3][4] |
梅 梅 or 梅+ ︀ ?
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梅󠄀 梅+ 󠄀 ?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
梅󠄃 梅+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit](Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 梅)
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: まい (mai)←まい (mai, historical)、め (me)←め (me, historical)
- Kan-on: ばい (bai, Jōyō)←ばい (bai, historical)
- Kun: うめ (ume, 梅, Jōyō)
- Nanori: め (me)
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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梅 |
うめ Grade: 4 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spellings |
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梅 (kyūjitai) 楳 |
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → ⟨ume2⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.[5][6][7]
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj),[6][7] with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period,[5][7] with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
- a white plum blossom, as opposed to 紅梅 (kōbai, “red plum blossom”)
- Synonym: 白梅 (hakubai)
- the lowest of a three-level rank system
- a 家紋 (kamon, “family crest”) with varying designs of plum blossoms
- Short for 梅襲 (ume-gasane): a style of layering garments with dark crimson over light crimson
- (card games) the suit of plum blossoms in 花札 (hanafuda), representing the month of February
- (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū)
Usage notes
[edit]- As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ウメ.
Quotations
[edit]For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Derived terms
[edit]- 梅が枝 (ume ga e)
- 梅返し (umegaeshi)
- 梅笠草 (umegasasō)
- 梅襲 (ume-gasane)
- 梅暦 (ume-goyomi)
- 梅崎 (Umezaki)
- 梅沢 (Umezawa)
- 梅酒 (umeshu, “plum wine”)
- 梅醬油 (ume shōyu)
- 梅酢 (umezu)
- 梅助 (umesuke)
- 梅染め (umezome)
- 梅園 (umezono)
- 梅田 (Umeda)
- 梅津 (Umezu)
- 梅つ五月 (ume tsu satsuki)
- 梅辻 (Umetsuji)
- 梅壺 (umetsubo)
- 梅根 (Umene)
- 梅鉢 (umebachi)
- 梅春 (umeharu)
- 梅醬 (umebishio)
- 梅干し (umeboshi)
- 梅見 (umemi)
- 梅結び (umemusubi)
- 梅擬 (umemodoki)
- 梅谷渋 (umeyashibu)
- 梅羊羹 (ume yōkan)
- 梅割り (umewari)
- 青梅 (aoume)
- 杏子梅 (anzu ume)
- 庵の梅 (Iori no Ume)
- 岩梅 (iwaume)
- 裏梅 (uraume)
- 箙の梅 (Ebira no Ume)
- 青梅 (Ōme)
- 唐梅 (karaume)
- 甲州梅 (kōshū ume)
- 小梅 (kōme)
- 氷梅 (kōriume)
- 零れ梅 (koboreume)
- 枝垂れ梅 (shidareume)
- 白梅 (shiraume)
- 袖の梅 (Sode-no-ume)
- 漬梅, 漬け梅 (tsukeume)
- 天梅 (ten no ume)
- 飛び梅 (tobiume)
- 冬至梅 (tōji ume)
- 夏梅 (natsuume)
- 煮梅 (niume)
- 捩じ梅 (nejiume)
- 熨梅 (noshiume)
- 一重梅 (hitoe ume)
- 燻べ梅 (fusubeume)
- 豊後梅 (Bungo ume)
- 干し梅 (hoshiume)
- 実梅 (miume)
- 梅桃 (yusuraume)
Proverbs
[edit]- 桜切る馬鹿梅切らぬ馬鹿 (sakura kiru baka ume kiranu baka)
Descendants
[edit]- English: ume
See also
[edit]- 李, 酸桃 (sumomo, “Prunus salicina”)
Proper noun
[edit]- a female given name
- a surname
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
梅 |
むめ Grade: 4 |
irregular |
Alternative spelling |
---|
梅 (kyūjitai) |
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → /mume/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
This reading becomes common during the Heian period,[5][7] later falling into disuse.
Superseded by the ume reading above.
Noun
[edit]- (archaic, obsolete) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
Quotations
[edit]For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Derived terms
[edit]- 唐梅 (karamume)
Descendants
[edit]- → Translingual: mume
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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梅 |
ばい Grade: 4 |
kan'on |
Alternative spelling |
---|
梅 (kyūjitai) |
From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).
Noun
[edit]- (usually in Chinese contexts) the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
- (historical, colloquial) Synonym of 天神 (tenjin): the second-highest ranked prostitute in Edo-period Kamigata, below the 大夫 (tayū)
Affix
[edit]- plum
- Short for 梅雨 (baiu): East Asian rainy season
- Short for 梅毒 (baidoku): syphilis
Derived terms
[edit]- 梅雨 (baiu)
- 梅園 (baien)
- 梅花 (baika)
- 梅果 (baika)
- 梅蕙草 (baikeisō)
- 梅子 (baishi)
- 梅天 (baiten)
- 梅毒 (baidoku)
- 梅肉 (bainiku)
- 梅林 (bairin)
- 梅霖 (bairin)
- 梅瓶 (meipin)
- 塩梅 (anbai)
- 烏梅 (ubai)
- 塩梅 (enbai)
- 鶯宿梅 (ōshukubai)
- 黄梅 (ōbai, “Jasminum nudiflorum”)
- 臥竜梅 (garyōbai)
- 寒梅 (kanbai)
- 観梅 (kanbai, “plum blossom viewing”)
- 甘露梅 (kanrobai)
- 金糸梅 (kinshibai)
- 金梅 (kinbai)
- 金露梅 (kinrōbai)
- 駆梅 (kubai)
- 検梅 (kenbai)
- 紅梅 (kōbai)
- 黄梅 (kōbai)
- 車輪梅 (sharinbai)
- 松竹梅 (shōchikubai)
- 早梅 (sōbai)
- 探梅 (tanbai)
- 茶梅 (chabai, Chinese name for camellia)
- 入梅 (nyūbai)
- 白梅 (hakubai)
- 盆梅 (bonbai, “plum bonsai”)
- 野梅 (yabai)
- 楊梅 (yōbai)
- 落梅 (rakubai)
- 利休梅 (Rikyū-bai, “Exochorda racemosa”)
- 老梅 (rōbai)
- 﨟梅, 蠟梅, 臘梅 (rōbai)
Proper noun
[edit]- a surname
References
[edit]- ^ “梅”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia][1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
- ^ 白川静 (Shirakawa Shizuka) (2014) “梅”, in 字通 (Jitsū)[2] (in Japanese), popular edition, Tōkyō: Heibonsha, →ISBN
- ^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, , page 1133 (paper), page 617 (digital)
- ^ Shōundō Henshūjo, editor (1927), 新漢和辞典 [The New Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Ōsaka: Shōundō, , page 685 (paper), page 355 (digital)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄆᆡ (moy) (Yale: moy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Hanja
[edit]梅 (eumhun 매화나무 매 (maehwanamu mae))
- hanja form? of 매 (“Prunus mume, a fruit tree”)
- hanja form? of 매 (“plum blossom, a blossom of this tree”)
- hanja form? of 매 (“a Korean surname”)
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [4]
Old Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Possibly a shift from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).[1][2]
Noun
[edit]梅 (ume2) (kana うめ)
- the Japanese plum or apricot, Prunus mume
Usage notes
[edit]- Also used phonetically as 借音 (shakuon) for ⟨me2⟩.
Quotations
[edit]For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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- CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement block
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- Chinese nouns
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- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 梅
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
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- zh:Prunus genus plants
- zh:Laurel family plants
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fourth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
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- Japanese kanji with goon reading まい
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading まい
- Japanese kanji with goon reading め
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading め
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ばい
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading ばい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading うめ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading め
- Japanese terms spelled with 梅 read as うめ
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- ja:Card games
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- Japanese terms spelled with 梅 read as ばい
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- ja:Prunus genus plants
- ja:Female people
- Korean terms derived from Middle Chinese
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- Korean hanja
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- Old Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
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- Vietnamese lemmas
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