地

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Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order
6 strokes

Han character

地 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 土心木 (GPD), four-corner 44112, composition ⿰土也)

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 224, character 6
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4890
  • Dae Jaweon: page 456, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 420, character 12
  • Unihan data for U+5730

Chinese

trad. 地
simp. # 地
alternative forms 埊

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 地
Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Shizhoupian script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (也) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
他 *l̥ʰaːl
拖 *l̥ʰaːl, *l̥ʰaːls
駞 *l'aːl
池 *l'aːl, *l'al
灺 *ljalʔ
鍦 *ɦljaːl, *hljal, *hljals
虵 *ɦljal, *laːlʔ, *lal
也 *laːlʔ
忚 *hleːl
髢 *l'eːls
杝 *l̥ʰalʔ, *l'alʔ, *lal
肔 *l̥ʰalʔ, *lalʔ
馳 *l'al
阤 *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ
施 *hljal, *hljals
絁 *hljal
葹 *hljal
弛 *hljalʔ
箷 *lal
衪 *lel, *lalʔ
暆 *lel
迆 *lal, *lalʔ
酏 *lal, *lalʔ
匜 *lal, *lalʔ
迤 *lalʔ
扡 *lalʔ
崺 *lalʔ
貤 *lals, *ɦljels, *lels
地 *l'els

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *l'els) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 也 (OC *laːlʔ).

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

Note: deng6 - usually written as 埞.
Note:
  • Xiamen, Quanzhou:
    • tōe - vernacular;
    • tē - literary.
  • Zhangzhou, Taiwan:
    • tē/tōe/tǒe/tēre - literary.
  • Other readings:
    • tī - vernacular (may be considered literary, only used in 土地公);
    • tè/tèr - vernacular (limited, e.g. 到地, 鎮地, 掃地, possibly substitute for 帶).
Note:
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 地
Mandarin Beijing /ti⁵¹/
Harbin /ti⁵³/
Tianjin /ti⁵³/
Jinan /ti²¹/
Qingdao /ti⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ti³¹²/
Xi'an /ti⁴⁴/
Xining /t͡sz̩²¹³/
Yinchuan /ti¹³/
Lanzhou /ti¹³/
Ürümqi /ti²¹³/
Wuhan /ti³⁵/
Chengdu /ti¹³/
Guiyang /ti²¹³/
Kunming /ti²¹²/
Nanjing /ti⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡sz̩⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /ti⁴⁵/
Pingyao /ti³⁵/
Hohhot /ti⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /di²³/
Suzhou /di³¹/
Hangzhou /di¹³/
Wenzhou /dei²²/
Hui Shexian /tʰi²²/
Tunxi /tʰi¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ti⁵⁵/
/ti¹¹/
Xiangtan /di²¹/
Gan Nanchang /tʰi²¹/
Hakka Meixian /tʰi⁵³/
Taoyuan /tʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /tei²²/
Nanning /ti²²/
Hong Kong /tei²²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /ti²²/
/te²²/ ～理
/tue²²/ 土～
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tɛi²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ti⁴⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /ti³¹/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ʔdi³⁵/
/ʔdi³³/
/ʔdi²³/
Rime
Character 地
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 定 (7)
Final (韻) 脂 (15)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 徒四切
Baxter dijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/diɪH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/diH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/djɪH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/diH/
Li
Rong 		/diH/
Wang
Li 		/diH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/dʱiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dei6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 地
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ dijH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[l]ˁej-s/
English earth, ground

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 地
Reading # 1/1
No. 14808
Phonetic
component 		也
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		地
Old
Chinese 		/*l'els/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 地

  1. earth; ground
  2. land; field (Classifier: 塊／块 c; 笪 c)
  3. distance; separation
  4. farmland; field
  5. (only in compounds) place; location
  6. (only in compounds) status; situation
    • 心地  ―  xīndì  ―  mind
    • 見地／见地  ―  jiàndì  ―  perspective, opinion
  7. (only in compounds) Short for 地球 (Dìqiú, “Earth”).

Compounds

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Etymology 2

Possibly the same word as 的, the possessive marker (Wang, 1958), but scholars like Lü (1943) and Yuan et al. (1996) are hesitant about this etymology.

Alternatively, Ōta (2003) proposes that it is a grammaticalization of etymology 1. The construction ADJ + 地 would have semantically developed as follows: "a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ place" → "in a ADJ manner".

Pronunciation

Note: di is used in poetry, songs.
Note:
  • dei6 - literary;
  • dei6-2 - vernacular, only used after reduplicated words.

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 地

  1. (chiefly Mandarin) Particle indicating the word preceding it is used as an adverb.
    很快地  ―  hěn kuài de  ―  very quickly
    佢偷偷地走咗喇。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
    keoi5 tau1 tau1 dei6-2 zau2 zo2 laa3. [Jyutping]
    He secretly left.
    alt. forms: 的, 底 obsolete
Usage notes
  • The use of this particle is always optional after polysyllabic adverbs.
    非常短  ―  fēicháng duǎn  ―  very short
    非常地短  ―  fēicháng de duǎn  ―  very short
  • On the contrary, monosyllabic adverbs are compulsorily used with or without 地.
    很漂亮  ―  hěn piàoliang  ―  very beautiful (where *很地漂亮 is unacceptable)
    倏地不見／倏地不见  ―  shū de bùjiàn  ―  to disappear suddenly (where *倏不見 is unacceptable in Modern Standard Chinese)
  • However, there is an exception:
    猛回頭／猛回头  ―  měng huítóu  ―  to turn the head back suddenly
    猛地回頭／猛地回头  ―  měng de huítóu  ―  to turn the head back suddenly

Compounds

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Etymology 3

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to etymology 2?”)

Pronunciation

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 地

  1. (Cantonese) Placed after a reduplicated adjective or stative verb to lessen its intensity.
    紅紅地／红红地 [Cantonese]  ―  hung4 hung4-2 dei6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  kind of red
    薄薄地 [Cantonese]  ―  bok6 bok6-2 dei6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  kind of thin
    驚驚地／惊惊地 [Cantonese]  ―  geng1 geng1 dei6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to be kind of scared
    矮矮地 [Cantonese]  ―  ai2 ai2 dei6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  kind of short
Usage notes
  • This suffix is accompanied by a tone change in the reduplicated word, where the second occurrence is changed to the second tone (unless its original tone is the first or second tone), as seen in the examples above.

Compounds

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Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of 地 – see 哋 (“Cantonese plurality marker”).
(This character is a variant form of 哋).

(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Kanji

地

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. earth; ground

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
地
じ
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 地 (dijH). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Mandarin dì.

Pronunciation

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Noun

地(じ) • (ji) ←ぢ (di)?

  1. earth, dirt
  2. fabric, cloth
    • 1906, Natsume Sōseki, Botchan‎[1]:
      :
      いくらか薄(うす)い地(じ)には相違(そうい)なくっても暑(あつ)いには極(きま)ってる。
      Ikura ka usui ji ni wa sōi nakutte mo atsui ni wa kimatteru.
      However thin the cloth, flannel is flannel and must have been pretty warm at that time of the year.
  3. (go) territory

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
地
ち
Grade: 2
on’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 地 (dijH). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The devoicing of the initial consonant might indicate a dialectal source. Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Hakka thi, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Min Nan tī.

Pronunciation

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Noun

地(ち) • (chi) 

  1. earth, land, ground
  2. a place, a region, a piece of land
  3. territory, dominion
  4. (of a crate, etc.) the bottom

Suffix

地(ち) or 地(suffix) • (chi or suffix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|ち]]

  1. place, area

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
地
つち
Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese.[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Alternative forms

  • 土 (more common for this reading)

Noun

地(つち) • (tsuchi) 

  1. earth, dirt, mud, soil
  2. the ground
  3. the earth (as opposed to the heavens)
  4. the ground or bottom of something (as of a price range)

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 地 (MC dijH). Recorded as Middle Korean 디〮 (tí) (Yale: ti) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

地 (eumhun 땅 지 (ttang ji))

  1. Hanja form? of 지 (“earth; land; ground”).

Compounds

Compounds

References

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

地: Hán Việt readings: địa[1][2][3]
地: Nôm readings: địa[1][2][3][4], đĩa[1][2], gịa[1], đất[2], rịa[3]

  1. Template:han tu form of

Compounds

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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