監

See also: 监

Translingual

Japanese	監
Simplified	监
Traditional	監

Alternative forms

Note the difference in the upper right component between Chinese, where it resembles ケ (half of ⺮, 竹), and Japanese, where it is rather 匕.

Han character

監 (Kangxi radical 108, 皿+9 in Chinese, 皿+10 in Japanese, 14 strokes in Chinese, 15 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 尸戈月廿 (SIBT) or 尸一月廿 (SMBT), four-corner 7810₇, composition ⿱⿰臣⿱𠂉丶皿)

Derived characters

• 覽 (覧) 艦 (舰) 鹽 (塩 盐)

Descendants

• 监

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 796, character 2
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23032
• Dae Jaweon: page 1210, character 18
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2566, character 3
• Unihan data for U+76E3

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Chinese

trad.		監
simp.		监

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 監
Shang	Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂	*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	*kraːm, *kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 臥 + 血. Note the migration of the dot from 血 → 皿 to a third stroke of 人 → ケ/匕.

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiān (jian¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kâm
• Eastern Min (BUC): găng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kaⁿ / kam / kàm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gam¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ke

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiān
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jian
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹
    • Yale: jyān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jian
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaam¹
    • Yale: gāam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gam¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kâm
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam´
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kam²⁴/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: găng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kaⁿ
    • Tâi-lô: kann
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kvaf
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kã⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kã³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kam
    • Tâi-lô: kam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kafm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kam³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
    • Tâi-lô: kàm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/

Note:

• kaⁿ - vernacular;
• kam/kàm - literary.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: gam¹
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kam
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kam³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹ke
    • MiniDict: ke^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ke
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ke⁵³/

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• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 監
Mandarin	Beijing	/t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
	Harbin	/t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
	Tianjin	/t͡ɕian²¹/
	Jinan	/t͡ɕiã²¹³/
	Qingdao	/t͡ɕiã²¹³/
	Zhengzhou	/t͡ɕian²⁴/
	Xi'an	/t͡ɕiã²¹/
	Xining	/t͡ɕiã⁴⁴/
	Yinchuan	/t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
	Lanzhou	/t͡ɕiɛ̃n³¹/
	Ürümqi	/t͡ɕian⁴⁴/
	Wuhan	/t͡ɕiɛn⁵⁵/
	Chengdu	/t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
	Guiyang	/t͡ɕian⁵⁵/
	Kunming	/t͡ɕiɛ̃⁴⁴/
	Nanjing	/t͡ɕien³¹/
	Hefei	/t͡ɕiĩ²¹/
Jin	Taiyuan	/t͡ɕie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/t͡ɕiɑŋ¹³/ /t͡ɕiɑŋ³⁵/ ～督
	Hohhot	/t͡ɕie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ke⁵³/
	Suzhou	/ke̞⁵⁵/
	Hangzhou	/t͡ɕiẽ̞³³/
	Wenzhou	/ka³³/
Hui	Shexian	/t͡ɕie³¹/ /kɛ³¹/
	Tunxi	/kɔ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/kan⁵⁵/
	Xiangtan	/kan⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/kan⁴²/
Hakka	Meixian	/kam⁴⁴/
	Taoyuan	/kɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/kam⁵³/
	Nanning	/kam⁵⁵/
	Hong Kong	/kam⁵⁵/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/kam⁵⁵/ /kã⁵⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/kaŋ⁴⁴/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/kaŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/kam³³/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/kam²³/ ～獄 /kam³⁵/ ～察

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• Middle Chinese: kaem

Rime
Character	監
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	谷銜切
Baxter	kaem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠam/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚam/
Shao Rongfen	/kam/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨm/
Li Rong	/kam/
Wang Li	/kam/
Bernard Karlgren	/kam/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaam1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ˤram/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːm/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	監
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān
Middle Chinese	‹ kæm ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ˁram/
English	inspect
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	監
Reading #	1/2
No.	6103
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*kraːm/
Notes	鑑初文，象人俯視皿水察容（林義光陳獨秀說），非形聲字

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 監

1. to supervise; to oversee
2. (historical) proctor; supervisor
3. to control; to take charge; to direct
4. (historical, of crown prince or senior statesman) to act for the monarch
5. (historical) dukes or princes under an emperor
6. ^† to imprison; to incarcerate
7. prison; jail; gaol
8. ^† to command; to lead

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaam³
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kam
• Eastern Min (BUC): gáng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kàm

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gam³

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gaam³
    • Yale: gaam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaam³
    • Guangdong Romanization: gam³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːm³³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kam
    • Hakka Romanization System: gam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /kam⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɑŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kàm
    • Tâi-lô: kàm
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kaxm
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kam²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kam¹¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gam³
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kàm
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kam²¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: kaemH

Rime
Character	監
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	銜 (149)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	格懺切
Baxter	kaemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠamH/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚamH/
Shao Rongfen	/kamH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kaɨmH/
Li Rong	/kamH/
Wang Li	/kamH/
Bernard Karlgren	/kamH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaam3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤram-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kraːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	監
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ kæmH ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁram-s/
English	mirror
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	監
Reading #	2/2
No.	6106
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鑑
Old Chinese	/*kraːms/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 監

1. ^† to reflect; to see
2. ^† (deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 鑒／鉴 (jiàn, “mirror”).
3. ^† to use for reference; to draw lessons from
4. (historical) supervisor; overseer
5. (historical) imperial office
6. (historical) eunuch

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Japanese

Kanji

監

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

1. oversee
2. bureaucrat
3. government agency or office
4. manage
5. control or own

Readings

• Go-on: けん (ken)
• Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
• Kun: みる (miru, 監る)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
監
かん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 監 (MC kaem).

Affix

監(かん) • (kan) 

1. to supervise; to inspect; to watch
2. jail; jailhouse

Compounds

• 監禁
• 監獄
• 監査
• 監察
• 監視
• 監守
• 監修
• 監督
• 監房

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Korean

Hanja

監 (eumhun 볼 감 (bol gam))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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Vietnamese

Han character

(deprecated template usage) 監 (giam, giám, giớm, giợm, róm, giấm, lổm, ram, rướm, xám)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.