參

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See also: 参, 蔘, and 叄
參 U+53C3, 參
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53C3
← 参
[U+53C2] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 叄 →
[U+53C4]
參 U+F96B, 參
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F96B
← 索
[U+F96A] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 塞 →
[U+F96C]

Translingual[edit]

Traditional 參
Simplified 参
Japanese 参
Korean 參

Han character[edit]

參 (Kangxi radical 28, 厶+9, 11 strokes, cangjie input 戈戈戈竹 (IIIH), four-corner 23202, composition ⿱厽㐱)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 164, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 372, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 387, character 23
  • Unihan data for U+53C3

Chinese[edit]

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 參
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (參) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
篸 *ʔsluːm, *ʔsluːms
參 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum
驂 *sʰluːm
傪 *sʰluːm, *sʰluːmʔ
慘 *sʰluːmʔ
黲 *sʰluːmʔ, *sʰloːmʔ
謲 *sʰluːms
毿 *sluːm
蔘 *sluːm, *srum
犙 *sluːm, *sru, *srɯu
糝 *sluːmʔ
槮 *sluːmʔ, *sʰrum, *srum, *srumʔ
鬖 *sloːm
摻 *sruːm, *sruːmʔ
醦 *sruːmʔ, *sʰrumʔ
縿 *sroːm
穇 *sroːm
嵾 *sʰrum
磣 *sʰrumʔ
墋 *sʰrumʔ
曑 *srum
瘮 *srumʔ
滲 *srums

Simplified from 曑 (晶 → 厽).

The bronze script form is an ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 晶 (“stars”) + 光 (“light; brightness”) + 彡 (“light rays”) – Three Stars mansion. 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom) also acts as a phonetic component. Ignoring the lines connecting the three stars, 光 may be interpreted as 卩 (“kneeling person”), representing someone looking at the shining stars above him.

Alternatively, it may be the original character of 簪 (OC *ʔsɯːm, *ʔsrɯm, “hairpin”), since the bronze script forms resemble a person wearing a hat with three stars.

Based on the seal script form, Shuowen interprets the character as a phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sʰluːm, *sʰluːms, *sloːm, *sʰrum, *srum) : semantic 晶 (“stars”) + phonetic 㐱 ().

Etymology 1[edit]

trad. 參
simp. 参
alternative forms 曑
叄
㕘
叅

From 三 (OC *suːm, *suːms, “three”) + other element (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 所今切
Baxter srim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂjim/
Li
Rong 		/ʃjəm/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ srim ›
Old
Chinese 		/*srum/ (should be *s.rum)
English the constellation Orion’ (named for the three stars in Orion’s belt)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 5/5
No. 1108
Phonetic
component 		參
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		森
Old
Chinese 		/*srum/

Definitions[edit]

參

Wikipedia has articles on:
  1. (～宿) (Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)
  2. a surname

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

trad. 參/蔘*
simp. 参
alternative forms
 
蓡
薓
葠
叄
㕘
蓡
薓
葠
叄
㕘
叅

Related to Japhug tɤzrɤm (“root”), Yakkha साम (“root”) (Jacques, 2015b).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • siang1 - Chaoyang;
  • som1 - Raoping.
Rime
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 所今切
Baxter srim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂjim/
Li
Rong 		/ʃjəm/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sam1

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. ginseng or any other similar plant
  2. Short for 海參／海参 (hǎishēn, “sea cucumber”).
Synonyms[edit]
  • (ginseng):
Dialectal synonyms of 人參 (“ginseng”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 人參
Mandarin Taiwan 人參
Luoyang 人參
Wanrong 人參
Xi'an 人參
Yangzhou 參
Singapore 人參
Cantonese Guangzhou 參
Hong Kong 人參, 參
Gan Nanchang 人參
Lichuan 人參
Pingxiang 人參, 參
Eastern Min Fuzhou 參
Southern Min Xiamen 人參
Quanzhou 人參
Zhangzhou 人參
Tainan 參仔
Leizhou 參
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 人參
Wu Suzhou 人參

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

trad. 參
simp. 参
alternative forms 叄
㕘
叅
𠫵

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “derived from 三? related to 審?”)

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: cam1 - rare.
Note: cang1 - Chenghai.
Rime
Character 參
Reading # 3/5
Initial (聲) 清 (14)
Final (韻) 覃 (159)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 倉含切
Baxter tshom
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sʰʌm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡sʰəm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡sʰɒm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sʰəm/
Li
Rong 		/t͡sʰᴀm/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sʰɒm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡sʰăm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		cān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		caam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 1/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tshom ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰ]ˁ[u]m/
English accumulate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 1/5
No. 1081
Phonetic
component 		參
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		參
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰluːm/

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. to join; to take part
    參軍／参军  ―  cānjūn  ―  to join the army
  2. to consult
    參閱／参阅  ―  cānyuè  ―  to refer to
    參照／参照  ―  cānzhào  ―  to consult and follow
  3. (literary) to examine; to inspect
  4. (literary) to investigate and understand
    參透／参透  ―  cāntòu  ―  to thoroughly understand
  5. to pay visit to a superior
    參拜／参拜  ―  cānbài  ―  to make a formal visit to
  6. (historical) to impeach an official before the emperor
  7. (literary) to form a trio with two other things

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 4[edit]

trad. 參/叁
simp. 叁

Pronunciation[edit]

Rime
Character 參
Reading # 4/5
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 蘇甘切
Baxter sam
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɑm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/sɑm/
Shao
Rongfen 		/sɑm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sam/
Li
Rong 		/sɑm/
Wang
Li 		/sɑm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/sɑm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		sān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		saam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 3/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		sān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sam ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s.rum/ (*s.r- > s-; infl. by 四 *s-?)
English three

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 3/5
No. 1094
Phonetic
component 		參
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		三
Old
Chinese 		/*sloːm/

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. (obsolete or financial) Alternative form of 三 (“three”)
See also[edit]
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小寫／小写) 		〇, 零, 空 一, 蜀 二, 兩／两 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 百 千 萬／万,
十千 (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百萬／百万,
桶(Philippines),
面桶 (Philippines) 		億／亿 兆 (Taiwan)
萬億／万亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大寫／大写) 		零 壹 貳／贰 參／叁 肆 伍 陸／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 5[edit]

trad. 參
simp. 参
alternative forms 叄
㕘
叅

Related to 巉 (OC *zraːm, *zraːmʔ, “craggy”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation[edit]

Note: cam1 - rare.
Rime
Character 參
Reading # 2/5
Initial (聲) 初 (19)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 楚簪切
Baxter tsrhim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ʃʰˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈ͡ʂʰᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ʃʰiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈ͡ʂʰjim/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ʃʰjəm/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ʃʰĭĕm/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʈ͡ʂʰi̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chēn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 參
Reading # 2/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		cēn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsrhim ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[tsʰr][u]m/
English 參差 tsrhim.tsrhje uneven

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 參
Reading # 4/5
No. 1103
Phonetic
component 		參
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		嵾
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰrum/
Notes 同嵾

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. Only used in 參差／参差 (cēncī) and 參錯／参错 (cēncuò).

Compounds[edit]

Etymology 6[edit]

trad. 參
simp. 参
alternative forms 慘／惨
䟃／𫎺

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. (Siyi Yue) clever; capable; competent; powerful
Synonyms[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 聰明 (“clever; intelligent; smart; bright”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 聰明, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 聰明, 機靈, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎, 聰慧
Mandarin Beijing 聰明
Taiwan 聰明
Jinan 聰明
Xi'an 靈, 靈醒
Wuhan 聰明
Chengdu 精靈, 聰明
Guilin 聰明
Yangzhou 聰明
Hefei 聰明
Malaysia 聰明
Singapore 聰明
Cantonese Guangzhou 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
Hong Kong 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
Taishan 聰明, 叻, 參
Kaiping (Chikan) 叻
Yangjiang 伶俐, 叻
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 精, 扮𠮨
Singapore (Guangfu) 聰明, 精, 叻, 醒目, 扮𠮨
Gan Nanchang 精靈, 聰明
Hakka Meixian 聰明, 機靈
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 聰明
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 聰明
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 聰明
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 聰明, 精
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 聰明, 精
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 聰明
Kuching (Hepo) 將
Jin Taiyuan 機靈, 聰明
Northern Min Jian'ou 聰明
Eastern Min Fuzhou 聰明
Southern Min Xiamen 聰明
Quanzhou 聰明, 骨鳥 derogatory
Zhangzhou 聰明
Taipei 聰明, 巧, 明白
Singapore (Hokkien) 聰明, 𠢕, 勥, 醒目, 巧
Manila (Hokkien) 巧, 勥, 𠢕
Chaozhou 聰明
Singapore (Teochew) 聰明
Wenchang 精
Singapore (Hainanese) 精
Wu Suzhou 聰明
Ningbo 聰明
Wenzhou 靈, 聰明
Xiang Changsha 靈泛, 聰明
Shuangfeng 聰明

Etymology 7[edit]

trad. 參
simp. 参

From English ransom (Cheung, 2007, page 219).

Pronunciation[edit]

Definitions[edit]

參

  1. (Cantonese) hostage (Classifier: 條／条 c)
Synonyms[edit]
Compounds[edit]

Etymology 8[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 參 – see 摻 (“càn, type of drum music”).
(This character is a variant form of 摻).

Etymology 9[edit]

For pronunciation and definitions of 參 – see 糝 (“mixed; impure”).
(This character is a variant form of 糝).

Japanese[edit]

Shinjitai

参

Kyūjitai

參

Kanji[edit]

參

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 参)

  1. three

Readings[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC tshom, “add; influence; join”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 참 (Yale: chàm)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 참예 (Yale: chamyey) 참 (Yale: cham)
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 覃 참 (cham)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

參 (eumhun 참여할 참 (chamyeohal cham))

  1. Hanja form? of 참 (“to join; to participate”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC tsrhim, “jagged; uneven”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄎᆞᆷ (Yale: chòm)
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 侵 ᄎᆞᆷ (cham)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

參 (eumhun 들쭉날쭉할 참 (deuljjungnaljjukhal cham))

  1. (literary) Hanja form? of 참 (“jagged; uneven”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 3[edit]

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC srim, “Three Stars mansion”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄉᆞᆷ (Yale: sòm)
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 侵 ᄉᆞᆷ (sam)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

參 (eumhun 별 이름 삼 (byeol ireum sam))

  1. Hanja form? of 삼 (“(Chinese astronomy) Three Stars mansion (one of the Twenty-Eight Mansions)”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 4[edit]

From Middle Chinese 參 (MC sam, “three”).

Hanja[edit]

參 (eumhun 석 삼 (seok sam))

  1. (financial) Alternative form of 三 (“Hanja form? of 삼 (“three”).”)

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

參: Hán Nôm readings: tham

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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