不知
Chinese
not; no | to know; to be aware | ||
---|---|---|---|
simp. and trad. (不知) |
不 | 知 |
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): bat1 zi1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): put-tî
- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): put-ti
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ ㄓ
- Tongyong Pinyin: bùjhih
- Wade–Giles: pu4-chih1
- Yale: bù-jr̄
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bujy
- Palladius: бучжи (bučži)
- Sinological IPA (key): /pu⁵¹ ʈ͡ʂʐ̩⁵⁵/
- Homophones:
[Show/Hide] 不支
不知
- (Standard Chinese)
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: bat1 zi1
- Yale: bāt jī
- Cantonese Pinyin: bat7 dzi1
- Guangdong Romanization: bed1 ji1
- Sinological IPA (key): /pɐt̚⁵ t͡siː⁵⁵/
- Homophones:
不支
不知
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put-tî
- Hakka Romanization System: budˋ diˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: bud5 di1
- Sinological IPA: /put̚² ti²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- Middle Chinese: pjuw|pjuwX|pjut trje
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə tre/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ|pɯʔ|pɯ' ʔl'e/
Verb
不知
- to not know; to have no idea of; to be ignorant of
- to wonder if (as used in a question or request)
Synonyms
- (to not know):
Antonyms
- (to not know):
- 了解 (liǎojiě)
- 佔有/占有 (zhànyǒu)
- 分曉/分晓 (fēnxiǎo)
- 參悟/参悟 (cānwù)
- 悟 (wù) (literary, or in compounds)
- 懂 (dǒng)
- 懂得 (dǒngde)
- 打生 (Wenzhounese)
- 把握 (bǎwò)
- 掌握 (zhǎngwò)
- 明 (ming4) (Cantonese)
- 明白
- 明瞭/明了 (míngliǎo)
- 曉得/晓得 (xiǎode)
- 會悟/会悟 (huìwù) (literary)
- 洞悉 (dòngxī)
- 清亮 (mainland China)
- 清楚
- 熟似 (Hokkien)
- 熟悉 (shúxī)
- 熟稔 (shúrěn) (literary)
- 熟識/熟识 (shúshí)
- 理會/理会 (lǐhuì)
- 理解 (lǐjiě)
- 瞭悟/了悟 (liǎowù) (literary)
- 知影 (Hokkien, Teochew)
- 知悉 (zhīxī) (literary)
- 知曉/知晓 (zhīxiǎo)
- 知識/知识 (zhīshí) (literary)
- 知道
- 覺/觉
- 覺悟/觉悟 (juéwù)
- 覺醒/觉醒 (juéxǐng)
- 認識/认识
- 諳曉/谙晓 (ānxiǎo) (literary)
- 諳達/谙达 (āndá) (literary)
- 貫通/贯通 (guàntōng)
- 通曉/通晓 (tōngxiǎo)
- 通解 (tōngjiě) (literary)
- 通達/通达 (tōngdá)
- 達/达 (literary, or in compounds)
- 醒悟 (xǐngwù)
- 開悟/开悟 (kāiwù) (literary)
- 領悟/领悟 (lǐngwù)
- 領會/领会 (lǐnghuì)
- 領略/领略 (lǐnglüè)
Derived terms
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Japanese
Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
不 | 知 |
ふ Grade: 4 |
ち Grade: 2 |
on'yomi |
Etymology
不 (fu, “not”) + 知 (chi, “know”)
Noun
- ignorance (not knowing)
- ignorance (lacking intelligence)
Synonyms
- 無知 (muchi)
Related terms
- 不知火 (shiranui)
References
- Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998), 広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Old Korean
Alternative forms
- 安徐 (entirely phonogramic form, Idu script variant)
- 不喩 (Idu script variant, believed to be a different term by Vovin; also see Usage Notes)
- 非知, 未知 (different logogram, gugyeol variant depending on Chinese original text)
Etymology
Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-i (some kind of suffix).
Particle
不知 (*ANti)
- Particle negating an adjacent noun or noun phrase.
- 720, “獻花歌 (Heonhwa-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:
- 吾肹不喩慚肹伊賜等
- It not being that you are bashful of me
- c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:
- 我非知厼堅固爲隱非知厼
- It is not me and it is not solidity
Usage notes
- This particle was restricted to negating nouns, including nominalized verbs. Verbs were negated with the adverb 不冬 (*ANtol) instead. In every uncontroversial example in the currently known corpus, adjectives were nominalized and then negated with 不知 (*ANti). Whether this represents a genuine grammatical phenomenon in Old Korean or simply coincidence due to the very limited corpus is not clear.
- Its Middle Korean reflex 아니〮 (àní) served as both a noun and an adverb, having displaced 不冬, and the Modern reflex behaves solely as an adverb. The contemporary form 아니다 (anida, “to not be”), showing an incorporation of the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) which combines only with nouns, remains as a vestige of the Old Korean function.
- Vovin argues that the Idu script variant 不喩 should be seen as a related but different form, which he reconstructs as approximately *AN-koy. Both would be derived from the hypothetical negative root *an-. The conventional view in Korean scholarship is to read 不喩 as a graphic variant of 不知 because fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Idu manuals in Hangul, which conserve significant elements of the Old Korean reading of phonograms, gloss the former sequence as 아닌디 (aninti). Furthermore, there appears to be no semantic difference between 不知 and 不喩. On the other hand, it is difficult to explain how 喩 could ever have been taken as a phonogram for *ti.
Descendants
- Middle Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
- Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
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- ⇒ Middle Korean: 아니다 (anita, “to not be”)
- ⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)
- → Proto-Northern Tungusic: *anti
See also
Further reading
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Categories:
- Mandarin terms with homophones
- Cantonese terms with homophones
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
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- Middle Chinese lemmas
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- Chinese terms spelled with 不
- Chinese terms spelled with 知
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- zh:Thinking
- Japanese terms spelled with 不 read as ふ
- Japanese terms spelled with 知 read as ち
- Japanese terms read with on'yomi
- Japanese compound terms
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- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
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