南
Translingual
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han character
南 (Kangxi radical 24, 十+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 十月廿十 (JBTJ), four-corner 40227, composition ⿱十⿵冂𢆉)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 157, character 5
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2750
- Dae Jaweon: page 357, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 65, character 2
- Unihan data for U+5357
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
南 |
---|
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 南 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | |||
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script |
This character has been explained as a pictogram (象形) of a hanging percussion instrument, originally identical to the left side of 㱿. Under this hypothesis its borrowing for the word “south” is difficult to explain.
Sagart (1988) instead proposes that it is a pictogram of the front of a house. Archaeological evidence confirms that in antiquity, at least in some regions, houses were built to face south.
Etymology 1
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-nam (“sky, sun”) (STEDT; Schuessler (2007); Benedict (1972)); the south is traditionally associated with the sun & light, compare *陽 (OC *laŋ, “light, sun-lit south-side of a hill”).
- If so, cognate with Tibetan གནམ (gnam, “sky”), ནམ (nam, “night”), Tshangla ngam (“sun, noon, day, sky”), Chepang न्याम् (nyam, “sun, sunlight, storm-cloud, weather”).
Alternatively, Sagart (2004) relates this word to Old Chinese *nɨm (revised to *nˤ[ə]m in 2014) "belly, front of the body", further "south" to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-nam (“rib(s)”), as one term for one body-part often shifts its meaning to another body-part nearby.
- If so, 南 is cognate with *妊 (OC *njɯms, “to carry inside one's belly → to be pregnant”), 任 (OC *njɯm, *njɯms, “to carry a burden, especially in front of the body”), also *腩 (OC *nuːmʔ, “belly (of an ox)”), Southern Pumi nõ⁵⁵, Burmese နံရိုး (nam-rui:, “side of the body, rib”), and thus is a semantic counterpart to *北 (OC *pɯːɡ, “north”), which is related to *背 (OC *pɯːɡs, *bɯːɡs, “back of the body”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): naam4
- Gan (Wiktionary): lan1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nàm
- Jin (Wiktionary): nan1
- Northern Min (KCR): nâng
- Eastern Min (BUC): nàng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 6noe
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lan1
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: nán
- Wade–Giles: nan2
- Yale: nán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nan
- Palladius: нань (nanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nän³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нан (nan, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /næ̃²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: naam4
- Yale: nàahm
- Cantonese Pinyin: naam4
- Guangdong Romanization: nam4
- Sinological IPA (key): /naːm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: lan1
- Sinological IPA (key): /lan⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nàm
- Hakka Romanization System: namˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nam2
- Sinological IPA: /nam¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: nan1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /næ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /naŋ³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡaŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- lam5 - Chaozhou, Raoping;
- nam5 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang;
- nang5 - Chenghai.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 南 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /nan³⁵/ |
Harbin | /nan²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /nan⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /nã⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /nã⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /nan⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /nã²⁴/ | |
Xining | /nã²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /nan⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /lɛ̃n⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /nan⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /nan²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /nan³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /nan²¹/ | |
Kunming | /nã̠³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /laŋ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /læ̃⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /næ̃¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /nɑŋ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /næ̃³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /nø²³/ |
Suzhou | /nø¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /nẽ̞²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /nø³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /lɛ⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /lɔ⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /lan¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /nan¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /lan⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /nam¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /nɑm¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /nam²¹/ |
Nanning | /nam²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /nam²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /lam³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /naŋ⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /naŋ³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /nam⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /nam³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: nom
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[ə]m/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nuːm/
Definitions
Coordinate terms
Descendants
Compounds
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Etymology 2
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: na
- Wade–Giles: na1
- Yale: nā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nha
- Palladius: на (na)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄚˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ná
- Wade–Giles: na2
- Yale: ná
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: na
- Palladius: на (na)
- Sinological IPA (key): /nä³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: naa1
- Yale: nā
- Cantonese Pinyin: naa1
- Guangdong Romanization: na1
- Sinological IPA (key): /naː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Southern Min
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: na1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: na
- Sinological IPA (key): /na³³/
- (Teochew)
Definitions
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: なん (nan, Jōyō)←なん (nan, historical)←なむ (namu, ancient)
- Kan-on: だん (dan)←だん (dan, historical)←だむ (damu, ancient)
- Kan’yō-on: な (na, Jōyō †)
- Kun: みなみ (minami, 南, Jōyō)
- Nanori: あけ (ake); みな (mina); よし (yoshi)
Compounds
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
---|
南 |
みなみ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
⟨mi1nami1⟩ → */mʲinamʲɨ/ → /minami/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- the south (cardinal point)
- c. 762, Shōsōin Man'yōgana Monjo[1]
- 和可夜之奈比乃可波利爾波、於保末之末須、美奈美乃末知奈流奴乎宇氣與止... [Man'yōgana]
- 我が養ひの代りには、おほ坐します、南の街なる奴を受けよと... [Modern spelling]
- waga yashinai no kawari ni wa, ōmashimasu, minami no machi naru yatsuko o ukeyo to...
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- Antonym: 北 (kita)
- c. 762, Shōsōin Man'yōgana Monjo[1]
- a southerly, south wind
Derived terms
- 南風 (minamikaze)
- 南側 (minamigawa)
- 南殿 (minamidono)
- 南鮪 (minami maguro)
- 東南 (higashi-minami)
- 西南 (nishi-minami)
- 真南 (ma-minami)
Proper noun
- (historical) the red-light district in modern-day Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo (as it was located south of Edo Castle)
- the name of a ward in various cities throughout Japan, especially a former ward in the city of Osaka which is now part of Chūō Ward
- a female given name
- Lua error in Module:names at line 629: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template
Verb
南する • (minami suru) suru (stem 南し (minami shi), past 南した (minami shita))
- (archaic) to go south
- 1789, Seikashū (haikai by Takai Kitō)
- 紅楓深し、みなみし西す、水の隅
- momiji fukashi, minami shi nishi su, mizu no sumi
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- 紅楓深し、みなみし西す、水の隅
- 1789, Seikashū (haikai by Takai Kitō)
Conjugation
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 南し | みなみし | minami shi | |
Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 南し | みなみし | minami shi | |
Shūshikei ("terminal") | 南する | みなみする | minami suru | |
Rentaikei ("attributive") | 南する | みなみする | minami suru | |
Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 南すれ | みなみすれ | minami sure | |
Meireikei ("imperative") | 南せよ¹ 南しろ² |
みなみせよ¹ みなみしろ² |
minami seyo¹ minami shiro² | |
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | 南される | みなみされる | minami sareru | |
Causative | 南させる 南さす |
みなみさせる みなみさす |
minami saseru minami sasu | |
Potential | 南できる | みなみできる | minami dekiru | |
Volitional | 南しよう | みなみしよう | minami shiyō | |
Negative | 南しない | みなみしない | minami shinai | |
Negative continuative | 南せず | みなみせず | minami sezu | |
Formal | 南します | みなみします | minami shimasu | |
Perfective | 南した | みなみした | minami shita | |
Conjunctive | 南して | みなみして | minami shite | |
Hypothetical conditional | 南すれば | みなみすれば | minami sureba | |
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative |
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | 南せ | みなみせ | minamise |
Continuative (連用形) | 南し | みなみし | minamisi |
Terminal (終止形) | 南す | みなみす | minamisu |
Attributive (連体形) | 南する | みなみする | minamisuru |
Realis (已然形) | 南すれ | みなみすれ | minamisure |
Imperative (命令形) | 南せよ | みなみせよ | minamiseyo |
Key constructions | |||
Negative | 南せず | みなみせず | minamisezu |
Contrasting conjunction | 南すれど | みなみすれど | minamisuredo |
Causal conjunction | 南すれば | みなみすれば | minamisureba |
Conditional conjunction | 南せば | みなみせば | minamiseba |
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 南しき | みなみしき | minamisiki |
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 南しけり | みなみしけり | minamisikeri |
Perfect tense (conscious action) | 南しつ | みなみしつ | minamisitu |
Perfect tense (natural event) | 南しぬ | みなみしぬ | minamisinu |
Perfect-continuative tense | 南せり 南したり |
みなみせり みなみしたり |
minamiseri minamisitari |
Volitional | 南せむ | みなみせむ | minamisemu |
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
南 |
みんなみ Grade: 2 |
irregular |
/minami/ → /minːami/
Appears in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.
Alteration of minami.[2]
Pronunciation
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Noun
Proper noun
- (historical, archaic) the red-light district in modern-day Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
南 |
なん Grade: 2 |
goon |
/namʉ/ → /naɴ/
From Middle Chinese 南 (MC nom).
Noun
- the south
- Synonym: 南方 (nanpō)
- Short for 南鐐 (nanryō): beautiful silver; a type of silver coin in the Edo period
Derived terms
- 南南西 (nan-nansei)
- 南南東 (nan-nantō)
Affix
南 or 南 • (nan or affix) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|なん]]
- south, southern
- Used in Sanskrit transliterations
Derived terms
Proper noun
南 or 南 • (nan or proper) [[Category:Japanese Lua error in Module:debug at line 160: Invalid part of speech.
|なん]]
- a female given name
- Lua error in Module:names at line 629: dot= and nodot= are no longer supported in Template:surname because a trailing period is no longer added by default; if you want it, add it explicitly after the template
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
南 |
なん Grade: 2 |
irregular |
Noun
- (mahjong) south wind (mahjong tile)
- Hypernym: 風牌 (kazehai, fanpai)
- (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand”) with a triplet or quad of south wind tiles; depending on wind round and player's seat wind, it is worth either 1 or 2 翻 (han, “doubles”)
- Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yaku-pai)
Coordinate terms
- 風牌 (kazehai, “wind tiles”): 東 (ton, “east wind”), 南 (nan, “south wind”), 西 (shā, “west wind”), 北 (pē, “north wind”)
References
- ^ Takeuchi, Rizō (1962) Nara Ibun: Volume 3 (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Tōkyōdō Shuppan, →ISBN.
- ^ Cite error: Invalid
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Korean
Hanja
南 (eumhun 남녘 남 (namnyeok nam))
Okinawan
Kanji
Readings
Compounds
Alternative forms
Kanji in this term |
---|
南 |
ふぇー Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Etymology
Cognate to Yonaguni 南 (hai, “south, southerly”) and western Japanese 南風 (hae, “southerly winds”).
Pronunciation
- Lua error in Module:parameters at line 95: Parameter 1 should be a valid language or etymology language code; the value "Shuri-Naha" is not valid. See WT:LOL and WT:LOL/E. ふぇー [fèé] (Heiban - [0])[1]
- IPA(key): [ɸeː]
Noun
南 (fē)
- the south (cardinal point)
- a southerly (wind blowing from the south)
Derived terms
- 南風 (fēkaji)
References
- “ふぇー【南・南風】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
Old Japanese
Etymology
Noun
南 (mi1nami1) (kana みなみ)
- the south (cardinal point)
- a southerly (wind blowing from the south)
- , text here
- ...南吹雪消益而射水河流水沫能余留弊奈美...
- ...mi1nami1 puki1 yuki1ke2 *masarite Imi1du-gapa nagaru mi1nawa no2 yo2ru pe1 nami1...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- , text here
Usage notes
Also used in the Man'yōshū (759 CE) as 借音 (shakuon) kana for ⟨na⟩ and 借訓 (shakkun) kana for ⟨namu⟩.
Descendants
- Japanese: 南 (minami)
Vietnamese
Han character
Adjective
References
Yonaguni
Kanji
南
Readings
Etymology
Cognate to Okinawan 南 (fē, “south, southerly”) and western Japanese 南風 (hae, “southerly winds”).
Pronunciation
Noun
- the south (cardinal point)
- a southerly (wind blowing from the south)
References
- “はい【南・南風】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.
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