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===Etymology 1=== |
===Etymology 1=== |
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{{ja-kanjitab|け|yomi=k}} |
{{ja-kanjitab|け|yomi=k}} |
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From {{inh|ja|ojp|-|sort=け}}. First attested in the ''{{w|Nihon Shoki}}'' of 720 {{CE}}.<ref name=KDJ>{{R:Kokugo Dai Jiten}}</ref> Ultimately from {{inh|ja|jpx-pro|*kay|sort=け}}. |
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Appears in compounds from the ''{{w|Man'yōshū}}'' completed sometime around 759 {{CE}} with the reading {{IPAfont|⟨ka⟩}}, seen in {{m|ja|白髪|tr=shiraga|t=white '''hair'''}}<ref name=KDJ/><ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|白髪}}</ref> and {{m|ja|鬘|tr=katsura|t=wig|pos=from "'''hair''' vine", possibly in reference to how they are made}}.<ref name=KDJ/><ref>{{R:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 2|鬘}}</ref> This analysis suggests an ancient bound form {{IPAfont|*⟨ka⟩}}, changing to ⟨{{IPAfont|ke<sub>2</sub>}}⟩, perhaps by fusion of emphatic nominal particle {{m|ja|い|tr=i}}, seen in nouns such as {{m|ja|神|tr=kami|t=god|pos=from ''kamu'' + ''i''}} and {{m|ja|目|tr=me|t=eye|pos=from ''ma'' + ''i''}}: |
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{{IPAfont|*⟨ka.i⟩}} → {{IPAfont|*/kai/}} → {{IPAfont|/ke<sub>2</sub>/}} → {{IPAfont|*/kəɨ/}} → {{IPAfont|/ke/}} |
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Compare: |
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* {{cog|jpx-ryu-pro|*ke|t=hair, fur|sort=け}} |
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* {{cog|ine-pro|*kes-|t=to scrape, comb|sort=け}}, {{cog|iir-pro|*káyćas|t=hair|sort=け}}, {{cog|sa|केश|t=hair|sort=け}} |
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* {{cog|tai-pro|*q.pɯlᴬ|t=[[body hair]]; [[feather]]|sort=け}}, {{cog|th|ขน|t=body hair, fur, feather|sort=け}} |
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* {{cog|trk-pro|*kïl|t=hair|sort=け}} |
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====Pronunciation==== |
====Pronunciation==== |
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===Etymology=== |
===Etymology=== |
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Cognate with {{cog|ja|毛|tr=ke}}. |
From {{inh|ryu|jpx-ryu-pro|*ke}}, from {{inh|ryu|jpx-pro|*kay}}. Cognate with {{cog|ja|毛|tr=ke}}. |
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===Noun=== |
===Noun=== |
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Revision as of 17:26, 4 January 2023
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Translingual
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Han character
毛 (Kangxi radical 82, 毛+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 竹手山 (HQU), four-corner 20714)
Derived characters
- Appendix:Chinese radical/毛
- 𠇔, 㕰, 㘪, 㚪, 𡥊, 𫷀, 𢗳, 㧌, 𣲭, 𤝄, 𨑺, 𪰌, 枆, 𣥡, 𭴎, 牦, 𭸶, 𦙤, 𮁠, 瓱, 㿞, 眊, 𥐽, 秏, 竓, 粍, 䋃(𫄜), 耗, 𬚱, 蚝, 𧠑, 𮗥, 䚽(𬣜), 𨈥, 軞(𬨁), 酕, 𨱞, 兞, 𩉪, 䫽, 𬲎, 𩠔, 䭷, 𩫁, 𩲊, 魹, 𩿘, 𪉚, 𪎷, 䶰
- 覒, 𩿂, 𤆬, 𥄥, 𨖧, 宒, 芼, 𦒷, 𬔆, 笔, 耄, 雮, 靟, 𤦖, 𥇾, 髦, 𨪅, 旄, 尾, 麾, 閐(𨸃), 𧘝
Descendants
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 591, character 22
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16772
- Dae Jaweon: page 983, character 26
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1994, character 1
- Unihan data for U+6BDB
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
毛 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 毛 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – feather or hair.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/r-m(u/i/ja)l (“hair; fur; feather”); related to 眉 (OC *mril, “eyebrow”) and cognate with Manipuri [script needed] (mun, “pubic hair”), Garo খিমিল (khimil, “hair; fur”), Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔ-məw¹ (“body hair”) (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mao2
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): мо (mo, I)
- Cantonese (Jyutping): mou4 / mou4-1
- Gan (Wiktionary): mau4 / mau1
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): mau2 / mau1
- Northern Min (KCR): mâu
- Eastern Min (BUC): mò̤
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 6mau
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mau2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄠˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: máo
- Wade–Giles: mao2
- Yale: máu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mau
- Palladius: мао (mao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: mao2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mao
- Sinological IPA (key): /mau²¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: мо (mo, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɔ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mou4 / mou4-1
- Yale: mòuh / mōu
- Cantonese Pinyin: mou4 / mou4-1
- Guangdong Romanization: mou4 / mou4-1
- Sinological IPA (key): /mou̯²¹/, /mou̯²¹⁻⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- mou4-1 - “hair; mold”.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: mau4 / mau1
- Sinological IPA (key): /mau³⁵/, /mau⁴²/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mô
- Hakka Romanization System: mo´
- Hagfa Pinyim: mo1
- Sinological IPA: /mo²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: mau2 / mau1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /mau⁵³/, /mau¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mâu
- Sinological IPA (key): /mau³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: mò̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Zhangpu, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Tainan, Yilan)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mâu
- Tâi-lô: mâu
- Phofsit Daibuun: maau
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /mãu¹³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /mãu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- mn̂g, mo͘, mâu - vernacular;
- mô͘ - literary (including surname).
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: mo5 / mao5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: mô / mâu
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo⁵⁵/, /mau⁵⁵/
Note:
- mo5 - vernacular;
- mao5 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: maw, mawH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤaw/
- (Zhengzhang): /*maːw/, /*maːws/
Definitions
- hair (of humans or animals); fur; feather (Classifier: 根 m; 條／条 c)
- (dialectal) hair on the head
- mildew; mold
- (colloquial) jiao; one tenth of a yuan or dollar; ten cents; dime
- coarse; raw; semifinished
- 毛茶 ― máochá ― raw tea
- gross
- rough; sketchy
- 毛估 ― máogū ― to make a rough estimate
- small; little
- careless; unthinking
- panicked; scared; nervous
- angry; furious
- (of currency) depreciated
- (Mainland China, colloquial or slang) no; nothing; damn all; my ass
- (Cantonese, colloquial, always with the classifier) nothing; damn all; jack shit; bugger all (Classifier: 條／条)
- (ACG) hair (in unnatural colours)
- a surname
- 毛澤東／毛泽东 ― Máo Zédōng ― Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), founder of the People's Republic of China
Usage notes
In Standard Chinese, for hair on the human head, use 頭髮／头发 (tóufa) instead.
Synonyms
- (hair on the head):
- (jiao):
Compounds
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Descendants
- → English: Mao
References
- “毛”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
Kanji
毛
Readings
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 毛 |
| け Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[1] Ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kay.
Appears in compounds from the Man'yōshū completed sometime around 759 CE with the reading ⟨ka⟩, seen in 白髪 (shiraga, “white hair”)[1][2] and 鬘 (katsura, “wig”, from "hair vine", possibly in reference to how they are made).[1][3] This analysis suggests an ancient bound form *⟨ka⟩, changing to ⟨ke2⟩, perhaps by fusion of emphatic nominal particle い (i), seen in nouns such as 神 (kami, “god”, from kamu + i) and 目 (me, “eye”, from ma + i):
*⟨ka.i⟩ → */kai/ → /ke2/ → */kəɨ/ → /ke/
Compare:
- Proto-Ryukyuan *ke (“hair, fur”)
- Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to scrape, comb”), Proto-Indo-Iranian *káyćas (“hair”), Sanskrit केश (keśa, “hair”)
- Proto-Tai *q.pɯlᴬ (“body hair; feather”), Thai ขน (kǒn, “body hair, fur, feather”)
- Proto-Turkic *kïl (“hair”)
Pronunciation
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Noun
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 毛 |
| もう Grade: 2 |
| on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 毛 (maw).
Pronunciation
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Noun
- one thousandth
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ “白髪”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ “鬘”, in 日本国語大辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000
Korean
Hanja
Okinawan
Kanji
毛
Readings
Etymology
From Proto-Ryukyuan *ke, from Proto-Japonic *kay. Cognate with Japanese 毛 (ke).
Noun
Derived terms
Vietnamese
Han character
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