念
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
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Han character
[edit]念 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓心 (OINP), four-corner 80332, composition ⿱今心)
Derived characters
[edit]- 㑫, 唸, 埝, 惗, 捻, 棯, 淰, 焾, 䂼, 䄒, 稔, 腍, 艌, 諗(谂), 踗, 錜(𫓻), 䧔, 䭃(𩠈), 騐, 鯰(鲶), 趝, 敜, 菍, 𪞤, 𭃮, 𫱁, 𡹓, 𪯺, 𪺥, 𤚋, 𤦬, 𤽿, 𬑛, 𥍵, 𥺴, 𦁤, 𫫞, 𬠖, 𧛋, 𨡎, 𩋏, 𩐭, 𪌿(𬹌), 𪑡, 𭝌, 𪪆, 𪳋, 𮞤, 𫾿, 𣣈, 𪫶, 𭝯, 𢈸, 𢚏, 𥮘, 𩭮, 𢞘, 𨡣
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 378, character 21
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10390
- Dae Jaweon: page 706, character 21
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2274, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5FF5
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 念 | ||||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Spring and Autumn | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) | |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
馠 | *qʰɯːm |
谽 | *qʰɯːm |
唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
含 | *ɡɯːm |
肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
筨 | *ɡɯːm |
梒 | *ɡɯːm |
鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
琀 | *ɡɯːms |
浛 | *ɡɯːms |
盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
玪 | *krɯːm |
妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
鈐 | *ɡram |
鳹 | *ɡram |
雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
念 | *nɯːms |
梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
枔 | *sɢrɯm |
岑 | *sɡrɯm |
笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
涔 | *sɡrɯm |
侺 | *ɡjɯms |
今 | *krɯm |
黅 | *krɯm |
衿 | *krɯm |
衾 | *kʰrɯm |
坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
搇 | *kʰrɯms |
琴 | *ɡrɯm |
禽 | *ɡrɯm |
芩 | *ɡrɯm |
庈 | *ɡrɯm |
耹 | *ɡrɯm |
靲 | *ɡrɯm |
擒 | *ɡrɯm |
檎 | *ɡrɯm |
紟 | *ɡrɯms |
吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
陰 | *qrɯm |
霠 | |
飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
蔭 | *qrɯms |
廕 | *qrɯms |
矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Shuowen: Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *nɯːms) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Alternatively: Ideogrammic compound (會意/会意) : 今 + 心 (see: 張富海:《利用諧聲構擬上古音應該註意的幾個問題》,《出土文獻》,2021年第1期,頁134。)
Etymology
[edit]trad. | 念 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 念 | |
alternative forms | 𫝹 |
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-njam. Cognate with Tibetan ཉམ (nyam), ཉམས (nyams, “soul, mind, heart”), སྙམ (snyam, “to think, to feel”) (Quan, 1996). Related to 恁 (OC *njɯm, *njɯmʔ, “to think, to miss”).
Schuessler (2007) notes it may be an area word; compare Khmer ចំណាំ (cɑmnam, “memory; recollection”), Proto-Austronesian *nemnem (“to think”).
Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Eastern Min (BUC): niêng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 6gni; 6gnie / 6gnie
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: niàn
- Wade–Giles: nien4
- Yale: nyàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niann
- Palladius: нянь (njanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нян (ni͡an, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niæ̃⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nim6
- Yale: nihm
- Cantonese Pinyin: nim6
- Guangdong Romanization: nim6
- Sinological IPA (key): /niːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: niam5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ⁿdiam³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: niêng
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡiɛŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- niam6 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
- liam6 - Chaozhou;
- niang6 - Chenghai.
- Middle Chinese: nemH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤim-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*nɯːms/
Definitions
[edit]念
- to miss; to long for; to think of; to recall
- to consider; to contemplate
- Alternative form of 廿 (niàn, “twenty”)
- to worry; to be anxious about
- to feel compassion for; to pity
- to show tender affection for
- to commemorate; to memorialise; to pay tribute to
- idea; thought
- to nag
- (Buddhism) memory
- a surname
Synonyms
[edit]- (to miss):
- 心念 (Hokkien)
- 惦念 (diànniàn)
- 惦記/惦记 (diànjì)
- 懸/悬 (xuán) (literary, or in compounds)
- 懸念/悬念 (xuánniàn) (formal)
- 懸想/悬想 (xuánxiǎng)
- 掛念/挂念 (guàniàn)
- 掛意/挂意 (guàyì)
- 掛記/挂记 (Nanchang Gan, Yudu Hakka)
- 數念/数念 (siàu-liām) (Hokkien)
- 牽掛/牵挂 (qiānguà)
- 眷懷/眷怀 (juànhuái) (literary)
- 眷注 (juànzhù) (literary)
- 眷顧/眷顾 (juàngù) (formal)
- 記掛/记挂 (jìguà) (dialectal)
- 顧念/顾念 (gùniàn)
- (to consider):
- 冥思 (míngsī)
- 冥想 (míngxiǎng)
- 品味 (pǐnwèi)
- 尋味/寻味 (xúnwèi)
- 尋思/寻思
- 思 (literary, or in compounds)
- 思想 (sīxiǎng)
- 思慮/思虑 (sīlǜ)
- 思索 (sīsuǒ)
- 思維/思维 (sīwéi)
- 思考 (sīkǎo)
- 思裁 (si1 cai2) (Sichuanese)
- 思量 (sīliáng)
- 慎思 (shènsī)
- 掂掇 (diānduo) (colloquial)
- 推敲 (tuīqiāo)
- 掂量 (diānliáng)
- 揣摩 (chuǎimó)
- 斟酌 (zhēnzhuó) (figuratively)
- 沉思 (chénsī)
- 深思 (shēnsī)
- 照顧/照顾 (zhàogù)
- 玩味 (wánwèi)
- 玩弄 (Classical Chinese)
- 琢磨 (zuómo)
- 算計/算计 (suànjì)
- 考慮/考虑 (kǎolǜ)
- 苦思 (kǔsī)
- 著想/着想 (zhuóxiǎng)
- 計算/计算 (jìsuàn)
- 計較/计较
- 設想/设想 (shèxiǎng)
- 顧全/顾全 (gùquán)
- 顧及/顾及 (gùjí)
- (idea):
Pronunciation 2
[edit]trad. | 念/唸 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 念 |
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): nim6
- Gan (Wiktionary): nyien5
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): nāng
- Eastern Min (BUC): nâing
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gni; 6gnie
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: niàn
- Wade–Giles: nien4
- Yale: nyàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: niann
- Palladius: нянь (njanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ni̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: нян (ni͡an, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niæ̃⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nim6
- Yale: nihm
- Cantonese Pinyin: nim6
- Guangdong Romanization: nim6
- Sinological IPA (key): /niːm²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: nyien5
- Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲiɛn¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiam
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam4
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: nāng
- Sinological IPA (key): /naŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: nâing
- Sinological IPA (key): /nˡaiŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- niam7 - Shantou, Chaoyang, Jieyang, Raoping;
- liam7 - Chaozhou;
- niang7 - Chenghai.
Definitions
[edit]念
- to read aloud; to chant; to recite
- 2022 October 16, “69歲習近平20大政治報告 未讀全文省略1小時”, in Central News Agency[1], archived from the original on 16 October 2022[2]:
- 除了報告內容外,今年外界關注,已69歲的習近平是否會比照5年前的19大朗讀報告全文。19大的政治報告總共3萬2000多字,當時習近平以近3個小時唸完全文。
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
- to study (at a school); to learn
- (Taiwan) to nag
Compounds
[edit]- 一念
- 一念三千
- 一念之差 (yīniànzhīchā)
- 一念之錯/一念之错
- 一念之間/一念之间 (yīniànzhījiān)
- 一念堅貞/一念坚贞
- 不念舊惡/不念旧恶 (bùniànjiù'è)
- 不念荷戈
- 五會念佛/五会念佛
- 作念
- 信念 (xìnniàn)
- 俗念 (súniàn)
- 俯念
- 價值觀念/价值观念
- 可念
- 叨念 (dāoniàn)
- 唱作念打
- 唱念
- 嘈嘈念
- 四念處/四念处
- 地域觀念/地域观念
- 垂念
- 塵念/尘念 (chénniàn)
- 妄念
- 廑念
- 心心念念 (xīnxīnniànniàn)
- 心念 (xīnniàn)
- 念不絕口/念不绝口
- 念佛 (niànfó)
- 念佛三昧
- 念力 (niànlì)
- 念叨 (niàndao)
- 念咒 (niànzhòu)
- 念央兒/念央儿
- 念子曰
- 念孜孜
- 念心兒/念心儿
- 念念
- 念念不忘 (niànniànbùwàng)
- 念念有詞/念念有词 (niànniànyǒucí)
- 念慮/念虑
- 念曲叫曲
- 念書/念书 (niànshū)
- 念歌 (niàngē)
- 念珠 (niànzhū)
- 念白 (niànbái)
- 念短頭經/念短头经
- 念秧
- 念米佛
- 念經/念经 (niànjīng)
- 念舊/念旧 (niànjiù)
- 念茲在茲/念兹在兹 (niànzīzàizī)
- 念誦/念诵
- 念豆兒佛/念豆儿佛
- 念頭/念头 (niàntou)
- 思念 (sīniàn)
- 恤孤念寡
- 恤孤念苦
- 恩念
- 惜孤念寡
- 悼念 (dàoniàn)
- 惦念 (diànniàn)
- 意念 (yìniàn)
- 想念 (xiǎngniàn)
- 感念 (gǎnniàn)
- 意念喜劇/意念喜剧
- 慾念/欲念 (yùniàn)
- 憶念/忆念
- 懷念/怀念 (huáiniàn)
- 懸念/悬念 (xuánniàn)
- 挂念 (guàniàn)
- 掛念/挂念 (guàniàn)
- 數念/数念 (siàu-liām) (Hokkien)
- 斷念/断念 (duànniàn)
- 概念 (gàiniàn)
- 概念句
- 概念車/概念车
- 欲念 (yùniàn)
- 正念 (zhèngniàn)
- 歧念
- 沒咒念/没咒念
- 深念
- 渴念
- 王念孫/王念孙
- 理念 (lǐniàn)
- 留念 (liúniàn)
- 痛念
- 白詞念賦/白词念赋
- 百念
- 百念皆灰
- 眷念 (juànniàn)
- 眷念無斁/眷念无𭣧
- 瞻念 (zhānniàn)
- 萬念俱灰/万念俱灰 (wànniànjùhuī)
- 私心雜念/私心杂念
- 私念 (sīniàn)
- 稱名念佛/称名念佛
- 篤念/笃念
- 系念 (xìniàn)
- 紀念/纪念 (jìniàn)
- 紀念信封/纪念信封
- 紀念冊/纪念册 (jìniàncè)
- 紀念品/纪念品 (jìniànpǐn)
- 紀念堂/纪念堂 (jìniàntáng)
- 紀念塔/纪念塔 (jìniàntǎ)
- 紀念幣/纪念币 (jìniànbì)
- 紀念日/纪念日 (jìniànrì)
- 紀念會/纪念会 (jìniànhuì)
- 紀念物/纪念物 (jìniànwù)
- 紀念碑/纪念碑 (jìniànbēi)
- 紀念郵票/纪念邮票
- 紀念章/纪念章 (jìniànzhāng)
- 紀念館/纪念馆 (jìniànguǎn)
- 結念/结念
- 繫念/系念 (xìniàn)
- 罣念
- 舊念復萌/旧念复萌
- 蓄念
- 複合概念/复合概念
- 觀念/观念 (guānniàn)
- 觀念形態/观念形态 (guānniàn xíngtài)
- 觀想念佛/观想念佛
- 記念/记念 (jìniàn)
- 說念/说念
- 貪念/贪念 (tānniàn)
- 軫念/轸念
- 轉念/转念 (zhuǎnniàn)
- 追念 (zhuīniàn)
- 達念山/达念山 (Dániànshān)
- 遙念/遥念
- 遺念/遗念
- 邪念 (xiéniàn)
- 關連概念/关连概念
- 雜念/杂念 (zániàn)
- 題念/题念
- 願寘誠念/愿寘诚念
- 顧念/顾念 (gùniàn)
- 食不念飽/食不念饱
- 首丘之念
- 馳念/驰念
- 體念/体念
- 魔念
- 默念 (mòniàn)
References
[edit]- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A01318
- “念”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[3], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ねん (nen, Jōyō)←ねん (nen, historical)←ねむ (nemu, ancient)
- Kan-on: でん (den)←でん (den, historical)←でむ (demu, ancient)
- Kun: おもう (omou, 念う)←おもふ (omofu, 念ふ, historical)
Noun
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]念 (eumhun 생각 념 (saenggak nyeom), word-initial (South Korea) 생각 염 (saenggak yeom))
Compounds
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]念: Hán Nôm readings: niệm, niềm, núm
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- zh:Buddhism
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- zh:Thinking
- zh:Talking
- zh:Education
- Chinese numeral symbols
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese fourth grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading ねん
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading ねん
- Japanese kanji with ancient goon reading ねむ
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading でん
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading でん
- Japanese kanji with ancient kan'on reading でむ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おも・う
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading おも・ふ
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms spelled with fourth grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 念
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Korean hanja forms
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters