's

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See also: -'s and Appendix:Variations of "s"

English

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For the possessive ’s, see -'s.

Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Contractions of various words ending in s.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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’s (clitic)

  1. Contraction of is.
    The dog’s running after me!
  2. Contraction of has.
    The dog’s been chasing the mail carrier again.
  3. (proscribed, dialectal, Southern US) Contraction of was.
    It’s a beautiful day yesterday so I’s at the park.
  4. (informal) Contraction of does (used only with the auxiliary meaning of does and only after interrogative words).
    What’s he do for a living?
    What’s it say?
    How’s it work?
    Where’s the n in Javanese come from?

Usage notes

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Like -'ve, in many dialects, -'s is only used to mark the perfect aspect ("He's finished his work" = "He has finished his work"), not to signify possession ("She has something"), necessity ("It has to end"), etc. In others, -'s is used more broadly; this is sometimes proscribed.

See also

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Pronoun

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’s (clitic)

  1. Contraction of us (found in the formula let’s which is used to form first-person plural imperatives).
    What are you guys waiting for? Let’s go!

Determiner

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’s

  1. (poetic) Contraction of his.
    Duncan’s in ’s grave

Conjunction

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’s

  1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as (when it is (nonstandardly) used as a relative conjunction, or like a relative pronoun, meaning "that").
    All’s he wanted was to go home.

Adverb

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’s (not comparable)

  1. (UK, dialect) Contraction of as.
    • 1922, E. F. Benson, Negotium Perambulans:
      He takes his bottle of whisky a day and gets drunk’s a lord in the evening.

Derived terms

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Bavarian

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Etymology 1

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Unstressed form of des.

Pronoun

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's

  1. it (nominative and accusative)
  2. this, that
See also
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Bavarian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
1st person singular i — mi — mia (mir) ma
2nd person singular
(informal) 		du — di — dia (dir) da
2nd person singular
(formal) 		Sie — Eahna — Eahna —
3rd person singular m er a eahm 'n eahm 'n
n es, des 's des 's
f se, de 's se 's ihr —
1st person plural mia (mir) ma uns — uns —
2nd person plural eß, ihr — enk, eich — enk, eich —
3rd person plural se 's eahna — eahna —

Article

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's n

  1. the
See also
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Bavarian articles
m n f pl
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
definite nominative der, da — das, es, des 's de d' de d'
accusative en, den 'n
dative em, dem 'm em, dem 'm der, da —
genitive1 des des der, da der, da
indefinite nominative a — a — a —
accusative an 'n
dative am 'm am 'm a, ana 'na
1) higher, formal register

Etymology 2

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Unstressed form of se.

Pronoun

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's

  1. she
  2. they, them
See also
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Bavarian personal pronouns
nominative accusative dative
stressed unstressed stressed unstressed stressed unstressed
1st person singular i — mi — mia (mir) ma
2nd person singular
(informal) 		du — di — dia (dir) da
2nd person singular
(formal) 		Sie — Eahna — Eahna —
3rd person singular m er a eahm 'n eahm 'n
n es, des 's des 's
f se, de 's se 's ihr —
1st person plural mia (mir) ma uns — uns —
2nd person plural eß, ihr — enk, eich — enk, eich —
3rd person plural se 's eahna — eahna —

Catalan

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Pronoun

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's

  1. Contraction of se.

Usage notes

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  • 's is the reduced (reduïda) form of the pronoun. It is used after verbs ending with a vowel.
    Si us plau, calmi's. ― Please calm down.

Declension

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Catalan personal pronouns and clitics
strong/subject weak (direct object) weak (indirect object) possessive
singular proclitic enclitic proclitic enclitic
1st person jo, mi3 em, m’ -me, ’m em, m’ -me, ’m meu
1st person majestic1 nós ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person tu et, t’ -te, ’t et, t’ -te, ’t teu
2nd person formal1 vós us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person very formal2 vostè el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person masculine ell el, l’ -lo, ’l li -li seu
3rd person feminine ella la, l’4 -la li -li seu
3rd person neuter ho -ho li -li seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
plural
1st person nosaltres ens -nos, ’ns ens -nos, ’ns nostre
2nd person vosaltres us -vos, -us us -vos, -us vostre
2nd person formal2 vostès els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person masculine ells els -los, ’ls els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person feminine elles les -les els -los, ’ls seu
3rd person reflexive si es, s’ -se, ’s es, s’ -se, ’s seu
adverbial
ablative/genitive en, n’ -ne, ’n
locative hi -hi
1) Behaves grammatically as plural.
2) Behaves grammatically as third person. 		3) Only as object of a preposition.
4) Not before unstressed (h)i-, (h)u-.

Cimbrian

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Etymology 1

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Article

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's

  1. (Sette Comuni) the; definite article for two declensions:
    1. nominative singular neuter
    2. accusative singular neuter
Alternative forms
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See also
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Cimbrian definite articles
Masculine Feminine Neuter Plural
Nominative dar de / di 's / z de / di
Accusative in de / di 's / z de / di
Dative me dar me in

Etymology 2

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Pronoun

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's

  1. (Sette Comuni) Alternative form of es (“it”)

References

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  • “'s” in Martalar, Umberto Martello, Bellotto, Alfonso (1974) Dizionario della lingua Cimbra dei Sette Communi vicentini, 1st edition, Roana, Italy: Instituto di Cultura Cimbra A. Dal Pozzo

Dutch

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Etymology 1

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A clitic form of des, the genitive of the masculine and neuter singular articles de and het.

Pronunciation

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Article

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’s

  1. Contraction of des.
    ’s Konings baard ruikt naar uiensoep. ― The king's beard smells like onion soup.
    ’s morgens ― in the morning
    ’s werelds beste reisbestemming ― the world’s best travel destination
    ’s werelds mooiste zeereis ― the world’s most beautiful sea voyage
Usage notes
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Adverb

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's

  1. Clipping of eens.

German

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Article

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’s

  1. (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of das.

Pronoun

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’s

  1. (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of es.
  2. (chiefly colloquial or poetic) Contraction of das.

Verb

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’s

  1. (colloquial) Contraction of ist.
    Synonym: is'

See also

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Irish

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Conjunction

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’s

  1. Contraction of is (“and”).

Particle

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’s

  1. Contraction of is (“is”).

Noun

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’s

  1. Contraction of a fhios (“knowledge of it”): only used in tá’s ag and similar constructions

North Frisian

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Pronoun

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's

  1. reduced third-person plural personal pronoun
    1. (Föhr-Amrum) Reduced form of of jo (“they, them”)
    2. (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of ja (“they”, in Mooring also “them”)
    3. (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of jam (“them”)
  2. reduced third-person singular feminine pronoun
    1. (Mooring, Sylt) Reduced form of of jü (“she”)
    2. (Mooring) Reduced form of of har (“her”)
    3. (Sylt) Reduced form of of höör (“her”)

Alternative forms

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See also

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Personal and possessive pronouns (Föhr-Amrum dialect)
personal possessive
subject case object case masculine referent feminine / neuter referent plural referent
full reduced full reduced attributive independent
singular 1st ik 'k mi man min minen
2nd dü – di dan din dinen
3rd m. hi 'r ham 'n san sin sinen
3rd f. / n. hat at, 't at, 't
plural 1st wi 'f üs üüs üüsen
üsens
2nd jam 'm jam jau jauen
jamens
3rd jo 's jo 's hör hören
hörens
notes The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. At is not enclitic; it can stand in any unstressed position and refers mostly to things. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
Dual forms wat / onk and jat / jonk are obsolete, as is feminine jü / hör.
Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents. The forms üsens, jamens, hörens are used optionally (and decreasingly) when the possessor is a larger community, such as a village, city or nation.
Personal and possessive pronouns (Mooring dialect)
personal possessive
subject case object case masculine
referent 		feminine / neuter / plural
referent
full reduced full reduced
singular 1st ik 'k me man min
2nd dü – de dan din
3rd m. hi 'r ham 'n san sin
3rd f. jü 's har 's harn har
3rd n. hat et, 't ham et, 't san sin
plural 1st we üs üüsen üüs
2nd jam 'm jam jarnge
3rd ja 's ja, jam 's jare
notes The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
Dual forms wat / unk and jat / junk are obsolete. Attributive and independent possessives are not distinguished in Mooring.
Personal and possessive pronouns (Sylt dialect)
personal possessive
subject case object case singular
referent 		plural referent
full reduced full reduced attributive independent
singular 1st ik 'k mi min minen
2nd dü – di din dinen
3rd m. hi 'r höm 'n sin sinen
3rd f. jü 's höör 's höör höören
3rd n. hat et, 't höm et, 't sin sinen
dual 1st wat unk unken
2nd at junk junken
3rd jat jam 's jaar jaaren
plural 1st wü üüs üüsen
2nd i juu juuen
3rd ja 's jam 's jaar jaaren
notes The reduced forms with an apostrophe are enclitic; they immediately follow verbs or conjunctions. Dü is deleted altogether in such contexts. Et is not enclitic and can stand in any unstressed position; the full subject form hat is now rarely used. In reflexive use, only full object forms occur.
The dual forms are dated, but not obsolete as in other dialects.
Independent possessives are distinguished from attributive ones only with plural referents.

Scottish Gaelic

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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's

  1. Contraction of is (“is”).

Conjunction

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's

  1. Contraction of is (“and”).

References

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