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#: {{ja-usex|風が立た'''ぬ'''|かぜ が たた'''ぬ'''|the wind does '''not''' rise / does '''not''' pick up}}
#: {{ja-usex|風が立た'''ぬ'''|かぜ が たた'''ぬ'''|the wind does '''not''' rise / does '''not''' pick up}}
#: {{ja-usex|[[予期]]せ'''ぬ'''[[エラー]]が[[発生]]しました。|よき せ'''ぬ''' エラー が はっせい しました。|An '''un'''expected error has occurred.}}
#: {{ja-usex|[[予期]]せ'''ぬ'''[[エラー]]が[[発生]]しました。|よき せ'''ぬ''' エラー が はっせい しました。|An '''un'''expected error has occurred.}}

#: {{ja-usex|グローバルな時代に自国のことだけを考えるわけにはいか'''ぬ'''。|グローバルな じだい に じこく の こと だけ を かんがえる わけ に は いか'''ぬ'''。|In the global age we can'''not''' think of our own country alone.}}
#: {{ja-usex|知ら'''ぬ'''ことを知ら'''ぬ'''と言うには勇気が要る。|しら'''ぬ''' こと を しら'''ぬ''' と いう に は ゆうき が いる。|When you do'''n’t''' know something, it takes courage to admit it.}}
#: {{ja-usex|彼は何を聞いても、知ら'''ぬ'''としか答え'''ぬ'''。|かれ は なに を きいて も、しら'''ぬ''' と しか こたえ'''ぬ'''。|No matter what I ask, he answers '''only''' that he does '''not''' know.}}
#: {{ja-usex|その日本人は英語が分から'''ぬ'''ようだった。|その にほんじん は えいご が わから'''ぬ''' ようだった。|That Japanese did '''not''' seem to understand English.}}
#: {{ja-usex|最近は滅多に酒を飲ま'''ぬ'''が、若い頃はよく飲んだものだ。|さいきん は めった に さけ を のま'''ぬ''' が、わかいころ は よく のんだ ものだ。|I '''seldom''' drink these days, but I used to drink a lot when I was young.}}
#: {{ja-usex|日本語が話せる者はこの辺にはおら'''ぬ'''。|にほんご が はなせる もの は この へん に は おら'''ぬ'''。|In this area there are '''no''' people who can speak Japanese.}}


====Conjugation====
====Conjugation====
Line 52: Line 59:
}}
}}
* This word is morphologically an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]]. It is classified as {{m|ja|助動詞|tr=jodōshi||auxiliary verb}} in traditional Japanese grammar.
* This word is morphologically an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]]. It is classified as {{m|ja|助動詞|tr=jodōshi||auxiliary verb}} in traditional Japanese grammar.
* ぬ is an archaic negative marker that corresponds to ない, but it only attaches to verbs. In addition, ぬ is used in very stiff written Japanese. As a result, proverbs such as the following must use ぬ, not ない.
**: {{ja-usex-inline|転ば'''ぬ'''先の杖。|ころば'''ぬ''' さき の つえ。|Lit. A cane in advance so as '''not''' to fall. (Fig. Prevention is better than cure.)}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|知ら'''ぬ'''が仏。|しら'''ぬ''' が ほとけ。|Lit. '''Not''' to know is to be a Buddha. (Fig. Ignorance is bliss.)}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|言わ'''ぬ'''が花。|いわ'''ぬ''' が はな。|Lit. '''Not''' to speak is a flower. (Fig. Better leave it unsaid.)}}
* ぬ does not have a past tense form.
* Apart from proverbs, ない can replace ぬ, but ぬ cannot always replace ない, as demonstrated in the following examples.
**: {{ja-usex-inline|この本は面白く'''ない'''。|この ほん は おもしろく '''ない'''。|This book is '''not''' interesting.}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|朝ご飯を食べ'''ないで'''学校へ行った。|あさごはん を たべ'''ない で''' がっこう へ いった。|I went to school '''without''' eat'''ing''' breakfast.}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|朝ご飯を食べ'''ずに'''学校へ行った。|あさごはん を たべ'''ず に''' がっこう へ いった。|I went to school '''without''' eat'''ing''' breakfast.}}
* The difference between ぬ and ず is that ぬ can be used at the end of a sentence or before a noun, auxiliary or conjunction, whereas ず can be used as a {{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}} or before に to mean “without doing something.” The following examples shall demonstrate the difference.
**: {{ja-usex-inline|昼ご飯を食べ'''ずに'''仕事をした。|ひるごはん を たべ'''ず に''' しごと を した。|I did my work '''without''' eat'''ing''' my lunch.}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|今日は風邪ぎみで、会社にも行か'''ず'''、家で寝ていた。|きょう は かぜぎみ で、かいしゃ に も いか'''ず'''、いえ で ねて いた。|I had a touch of cold today, so I stayed in bed at home, '''without''' go'''ing''' to work.}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|そうは思わ'''ぬ'''。|そう は おもわ'''ぬ'''。|I do'''n’t''' think so.}}
**: {{ja-usex-inline|知ら'''ぬ'''ことを知っていると言ってはいけない。|しら'''ぬ''' こと を しって いる と いって は いけない。|You shouldn’t say you know what you do'''n’t''' know.}}<ref>{{cite-book |last=Makino |first=Seiichi |last2=Tsutsui |first2=Michio |date=January 1, 1995 |title=A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar |edition=1st |location=5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan |publisher=The Japan Times |pages=315-317 |chapter=Main Entries: -nu |isbn=9784789007757}}</ref>


====Synonyms====
====Synonyms====
Line 57: Line 78:
* {{qualifier|very casual, also archaic, also dialectal}} {{ja-r|ん}}
* {{qualifier|very casual, also archaic, also dialectal}} {{ja-r|ん}}
* {{qualifier|casual}} {{ja-r|ない}}
* {{qualifier|casual}} {{ja-r|ない}}
* {{qualifier|eye dialect spelling, also masculine language}} {{ja-r|ねぇ}}
* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}}
* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}}
* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}}
* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}}
* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}}
* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}}

=== References ===
<references/>


===Etymology 3===
===Etymology 3===

Revision as of 01:57, 16 September 2021

See also: め

ぬ U+306C, &#12396;
HIRAGANA LETTER NU
← に
[U+306B] 		Hiragana ね →
[U+306D]

Japanese

Stroke order
2 strokes

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style.

Syllable

ぬ (romaji nu)

  1. The hiragana syllable ぬ (nu). Its equivalent in katakana is ヌ (nu). It is the twenty-third syllable in the gojūon order; its position is な行う段 (na-gyō u-dan, “row na, section u”).
See also

Etymology 2

Originally the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Classical Japanese negative particle ず (zu). In modern Japanese, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) (lemma, originally ず (zu)) assimilated to ぬ (nu).

Suffix

ぬ • (-nu) 

  1. (archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not
    風(かぜ)が立(た)たぬ
    kaze ga tatanu
    the wind does not rise / does not pick up
    予期(よき)せぬエラーが発生(はっせい)しました。
    Yoki senu erā ga hassei shimashita.
    An unexpected error has occurred.
  1. グローバルな時代(じだい)に自国(じこく)のことだけを考(かんが)えるわけにはいかぬ。
    Gurōbaruna jidai ni jikoku no koto dake o kangaeru wake ni wa ikanu.
    In the global age we cannot think of our own country alone.
    知(し)らぬことを知(し)らぬと言(い)うには勇気(ゆうき)が要(い)る。
    Shiranu koto o shiranu to iu ni wa yūki ga iru.
    When you don’t know something, it takes courage to admit it.
    彼(かれ)は何(なに)を聞(き)いても、知(し)らぬとしか答(こた)えぬ。
    Kare wa nani o kīte mo, shiranu to shika kotaenu.
    No matter what I ask, he answers only that he does not know.
    その日本人(にほんじん)は英語(えいご)が分(わ)からぬようだった。
    Sono nihonjin wa eigo ga wakaranu yōdatta.
    That Japanese did not seem to understand English.
    最近(さいきん)は滅多(めった)に酒(さけ)を飲(の)まぬが、若(わか)い頃(ころ)はよく飲(の)んだものだ。
    Saikin wa metta ni sake o nomanu ga, wakaikoro wa yoku nonda monoda.
    I seldom drink these days, but I used to drink a lot when I was young.
    日本語(にほんご)が話(はな)せる者(もの)はこの辺(へん)にはおらぬ。
    Nihongo ga hanaseru mono wa kono hen ni wa oranu.
    In this area there are no people who can speak Japanese.

Conjugation

Conjugation of "ぬ" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形) - -
Continuative (連用形) ず
ん 		zu
n
Terminal (終止形) ぬ
ん 		nu
n
Attributive (連体形) ぬ
ん 		nu
n
Hypothetical (仮定形) ね ne
Imperative (命令形) - -
Key constructions
Passive - -
Causative - -
Potential - -
Volitional - -
Negative - -
Negative continuative - -
Formal - -
Perfective - -
Conjunctive ず
ん 		zu
n
Hypothetical conditional ねば neba
The missing forms are usually suppleted by the forms of ない.
  • For classical conjugation, see ず.

Usage notes

Inflection rules for the ぬ form
Word dictionary form mizenkei + -nu historical kana
godan verbs (type 1)
書く かく (kaku) かかぬ (kakanu)
泳ぐ およぐ (oyogu) およがぬ (oyoganu)
話す はなす (hanasu) はなさぬ (hanasanu)
待つ まつ (matsu) またぬ (matanu)
死ぬ しぬ (shinu) しなぬ (shinanu)
呼ぶ よぶ (yobu) よばぬ (yobanu)
読む よむ (yomu) よまぬ (yomanu)
作る つくる (tsukuru) つくらぬ (tsukuranu)
買う かう (kau) かわぬ (kawanu) かはぬ
ichidan verbs (type 2)
見る みる (miru) みぬ (minu)
開ける あける (akeru) あけぬ (akenu)
irregular verbs (type 3)
来る くる (kuru) こぬ (konu)
する する (suru) せぬ (senu)
  • This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
  • ぬ is an archaic negative marker that corresponds to ない, but it only attaches to verbs. In addition, ぬ is used in very stiff written Japanese. As a result, proverbs such as the following must use ぬ, not ない.
    • 転(ころ)ばぬ先(さき)の杖(つえ)。 ― korobanu saki no tsue. ― Lit. A cane in advance so as not to fall. (Fig. Prevention is better than cure.)
      知(し)らぬが仏(ほとけ)。 ― shiranu ga hotoke. ― Lit. Not to know is to be a Buddha. (Fig. Ignorance is bliss.)
      言(い)わぬが花(はな)。 ― iwanu ga hana. ― Lit. Not to speak is a flower. (Fig. Better leave it unsaid.)
  • ぬ does not have a past tense form.
  • Apart from proverbs, ない can replace ぬ, but ぬ cannot always replace ない, as demonstrated in the following examples.
    • この本(ほん)は面白(おもしろ)くない。 ― kono hon wa omoshiroku nai. ― This book is not interesting.
      朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べないで学校(がっこう)へ行(い)った。 ― asagohan o tabenai de gakkō e itta. ― I went to school without eating breakfast.
      朝(あさ)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べずに学校(がっこう)へ行(い)った。 ― asagohan o tabezu ni gakkō e itta. ― I went to school without eating breakfast.
  • The difference between ぬ and ず is that ぬ can be used at the end of a sentence or before a noun, auxiliary or conjunction, whereas ず can be used as a ren'yōkei or before に to mean “without doing something.” The following examples shall demonstrate the difference.
    • 昼(ひる)ご飯(はん)を食(た)べずに仕事(しごと)をした。 ― hirugohan o tabezu ni shigoto o shita. ― I did my work without eating my lunch.
      今日(きょう)は風邪(かぜ)ぎみで、会社(かいしゃ)にも行(い)かず、家(いえ)で寝(ね)ていた。 ― kyō wa kazegimi de, kaisha ni mo ikazu, ie de nete ita. ― I had a touch of cold today, so I stayed in bed at home, without going to work.
      そうは思(おも)わぬ。 ― sō wa omowanu. ― I don’t think so.
      知(し)らぬことを知(し)っていると言(い)ってはいけない。 ― shiranu koto o shitte iru to itte wa ikenai. ― You shouldn’t say you know what you don’t know.[1]

Synonyms

(negative verb ending):

  • (very casual, also archaic, also dialectal) ん (n)
  • (casual) ない (nai)
  • (eye dialect spelling, also masculine language) ねぇ (nē)
  • (formal) ません (masen)
  • (written formal) ず (zu)
  • (Kansai) へん (hen)

References

  1. ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1995 January 1) “Main Entries: -nu”, in A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 315-317

Etymology 3

From Old Japanese.[1][2][3]

Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries[1][2][3] derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.

More recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.

Suffix

ぬ • (-nu) 

  1. (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened
    風(かぜ)が立(た)ちぬ
    kaze ga tachinu
    the wind has risen / has picked up

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "ぬ" (ナ行変格活用, see Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) な na
Continuative (連用形) に ni
Terminal (終止形) ぬ nu
Attributive (連体形) ぬる nuru
Realis (已然形) ぬれ nure
Imperative (命令形) ね ne
Negative [1]
Contrasting conjunction ぬれど nuredo
Causal conjunction ぬれば nureba
Conditional conjunction なば naba
[1]Use perfect tense of ず.

Usage notes

  • In Old Japanese and continuing in classical and later Japanese, the ending ぬ (nu) and the ending つ (tsu) have both been used to mark the completion of an action. ぬ (nu) was used mainly for verbs that indicated intransitive, naturally occurring, or unintentional actions, while つ (tsu) was used mainly for verbs that indicated transitive or intentional actions. In the shift to modern Japanese, this distinction was lost, and Classical つ (tsu) developed into modern た (ta).
  • In classical Japanese, perfective ぬ (nu) conjugates differently from negative ぬ (nu) (ず (zu)) as shown in the following table:
Negative ぬ (nu) (ず (zu)) Perfective ぬ (nu)
Attaches to verb stem conjugated to → Irrealis / 未然形 (mizenkei) Continuative / 連用形 (ren'yōkei)
Conjugates to ↓
Irrealis / 未然形 (mizenkei) ず (zu) な (na)
Continuative / 連用形 (ren'yōkei) ず (zu) に (ni)
Terminal / 終止形 (shūshikei) ず (zu) ぬ (nu)
Attributive / 連体形 (rentaikei) ぬ (nu) ぬる (nuru)
Realis / 已然形 (izenkei) ね (ne) ぬれ (nure)
Imperative / 命令形 (meireikei) - ね (ne)
  • In modern Japanese, ぬ (nu) is rarely encountered, and it often imparts a formal or archaic sense.
  • This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Synonyms

(perfective verb ending):

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Kunigami

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese の (no).

Pronunciation

Particle

ぬ (romaji nu)

  1. possessive particle

Miyako

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese の (no).

Pronunciation

Particle

ぬ (romaji nu)

  1. possessive particle

Okinawan

Etymology

From Proto-Ryukyuan *no, from Proto-Japonic *nə (“nominative and genitive case marker”). Cognate with Japanese の (no).

Pronunciation

Particle

ぬ (rōmaji nu)

  1. genitive case marker
    1. Indicates possession: of, -'s
      那覇(なーふぁ)ぬ天気(てぃんち)
      Nāfa-nu tinchi
      Naha's weather
  2. nominative case marker
    1. Indicates the subject of a sentence.
      天道(てぃーだ)ぬ上(あ)がゆん。
      Tīda-nu agayun.
      The sun rises.
      鳥(とぅい)ぬ鳴(な)ちゅん。
      Tui-nu nachun.
      The birds sing.

Usage notes

  • が (ga) is used for personal names or pronouns, ぬ (nu) is used otherwise. See *no for details.

References

  • “ヌ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).

Old Japanese

Etymology

The conjugation of this auxiliary verb appears to follow that of a defective n-row 四段活用(よだんかつよう) (yodan katsuyō) paradigm rather than a ナ行変格活用(ぎょうへんかくかつよう) (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) paradigm, despite the fact that there was never an n-row 四段活用(よだんかつよう) (yodan katsuyō) paradigm.

Notably, this verb has no attested 終止形(しゅうしけい) (shūshikei); uses and conjugations off of にす (nisu) are seen instead. This verb also has no attested 命令形(めいれいけい) (meireikei).

Suffix

ぬ (-nu)

  1. (following the irrealis stem of verbs)
    1. expresses negation; not

Conjugation

Classical conjugation of "ぬ" (irregular)
Stem forms
Irrealis (未然形) な na
Continuative (連用形) に ni
Terminal (終止形) [1] -
Attributive (連体形) ぬ nu
Realis (已然形) ね ne
Imperative (命令形) -
Key constructions
Negative -
Contrasting conjunction ねど nedo
Causal conjunction ねば neba
Conditional conjunction -
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) -
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) -
Perfect tense (conscious action) -
Perfect tense (natural event) -
Perfect-continuative tense -
Adverbial に ni
[1]にす (nisu) is used instead.

Descendants

Yaeyama

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese の (no).

Pronunciation

Particle

ぬ (romaji nu)

  1. possessive particle

Yonaguni

Etymology

Cognate with Japanese の (no).

Pronunciation

Particle

ぬ (romaji nu)

  1. possessive particle
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