ぬ: difference between revisions
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→Suffix: I have expanded on ぬ by using information from the most reliable source that I could find. Tags: Reverted Mobile edit Mobile web edit |
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#: {{ja-usex|風が立た'''ぬ'''|かぜ が たた'''ぬ'''|the wind does '''not''' rise / does '''not''' pick up}} |
#: {{ja-usex|風が立た'''ぬ'''|かぜ が たた'''ぬ'''|the wind does '''not''' rise / does '''not''' pick up}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|[[予期]]せ'''ぬ'''[[エラー]]が[[発生]]しました。|よき せ'''ぬ''' エラー が はっせい しました。|An '''un'''expected error has occurred.}} |
#: {{ja-usex|[[予期]]せ'''ぬ'''[[エラー]]が[[発生]]しました。|よき せ'''ぬ''' エラー が はっせい しました。|An '''un'''expected error has occurred.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|グローバルな時代に自国のことだけを考えるわけにはいか'''ぬ'''。|グローバルな じだい に じこく の こと だけ を かんがえる わけ に は いか'''ぬ'''。|In the global age we can'''not''' think of our own country alone.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|知ら'''ぬ'''ことを知ら'''ぬ'''と言うには勇気が要る。|しら'''ぬ''' こと を しら'''ぬ''' と いう に は ゆうき が いる。|When you do'''n’t''' know something, it takes courage to admit it.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|彼は何を聞いても、知ら'''ぬ'''としか答え'''ぬ'''。|かれ は なに を きいて も、しら'''ぬ''' と しか こたえ'''ぬ'''。|No matter what I ask, he answers '''only''' that he does '''not''' know.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|その日本人は英語が分から'''ぬ'''ようだった。|その にほんじん は えいご が わから'''ぬ''' ようだった。|That Japanese did '''not''' seem to understand English.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|最近は滅多に酒を飲ま'''ぬ'''が、若い頃はよく飲んだものだ。|さいきん は めった に さけ を のま'''ぬ''' が、わかいころ は よく のんだ ものだ。|I '''seldom''' drink these days, but I used to drink a lot when I was young.}} |
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#: {{ja-usex|日本語が話せる者はこの辺にはおら'''ぬ'''。|にほんご が はなせる もの は この へん に は おら'''ぬ'''。|In this area there are '''no''' people who can speak Japanese.}} |
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====Conjugation==== |
====Conjugation==== |
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}} |
}} |
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* This word is morphologically an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]]. It is classified as {{m|ja|助動詞|tr=jodōshi||auxiliary verb}} in traditional Japanese grammar. |
* This word is morphologically an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]]. It is classified as {{m|ja|助動詞|tr=jodōshi||auxiliary verb}} in traditional Japanese grammar. |
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* ぬ is an archaic negative marker that corresponds to ない, but it only attaches to verbs. In addition, ぬ is used in very stiff written Japanese. As a result, proverbs such as the following must use ぬ, not ない. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|転ば'''ぬ'''先の杖。|ころば'''ぬ''' さき の つえ。|Lit. A cane in advance so as '''not''' to fall. (Fig. Prevention is better than cure.)}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|知ら'''ぬ'''が仏。|しら'''ぬ''' が ほとけ。|Lit. '''Not''' to know is to be a Buddha. (Fig. Ignorance is bliss.)}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|言わ'''ぬ'''が花。|いわ'''ぬ''' が はな。|Lit. '''Not''' to speak is a flower. (Fig. Better leave it unsaid.)}} |
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* ぬ does not have a past tense form. |
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* Apart from proverbs, ない can replace ぬ, but ぬ cannot always replace ない, as demonstrated in the following examples. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|この本は面白く'''ない'''。|この ほん は おもしろく '''ない'''。|This book is '''not''' interesting.}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|朝ご飯を食べ'''ないで'''学校へ行った。|あさごはん を たべ'''ない で''' がっこう へ いった。|I went to school '''without''' eat'''ing''' breakfast.}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|朝ご飯を食べ'''ずに'''学校へ行った。|あさごはん を たべ'''ず に''' がっこう へ いった。|I went to school '''without''' eat'''ing''' breakfast.}} |
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* The difference between ぬ and ず is that ぬ can be used at the end of a sentence or before a noun, auxiliary or conjunction, whereas ず can be used as a {{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}} or before に to mean “without doing something.” The following examples shall demonstrate the difference. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|昼ご飯を食べ'''ずに'''仕事をした。|ひるごはん を たべ'''ず に''' しごと を した。|I did my work '''without''' eat'''ing''' my lunch.}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|今日は風邪ぎみで、会社にも行か'''ず'''、家で寝ていた。|きょう は かぜぎみ で、かいしゃ に も いか'''ず'''、いえ で ねて いた。|I had a touch of cold today, so I stayed in bed at home, '''without''' go'''ing''' to work.}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|そうは思わ'''ぬ'''。|そう は おもわ'''ぬ'''。|I do'''n’t''' think so.}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|知ら'''ぬ'''ことを知っていると言ってはいけない。|しら'''ぬ''' こと を しって いる と いって は いけない。|You shouldn’t say you know what you do'''n’t''' know.}}<ref>{{cite-book |last=Makino |first=Seiichi |last2=Tsutsui |first2=Michio |date=January 1, 1995 |title=A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar |edition=1st |location=5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan |publisher=The Japan Times |pages=315-317 |chapter=Main Entries: -nu |isbn=9784789007757}}</ref> |
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====Synonyms==== |
====Synonyms==== |
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* {{qualifier|very casual, also archaic, also dialectal}} {{ja-r|ん}} |
* {{qualifier|very casual, also archaic, also dialectal}} {{ja-r|ん}} |
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* {{qualifier|casual}} {{ja-r|ない}} |
* {{qualifier|casual}} {{ja-r|ない}} |
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* {{qualifier|eye dialect spelling, also masculine language}} {{ja-r|ねぇ}} |
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* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}} |
* {{qualifier|formal}} {{ja-r|ません}} |
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* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}} |
* {{qualifier|written formal}} {{ja-r|ず}} |
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* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}} |
* {{qualifier|Kansai}} {{ja-r|へん}} |
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=== References === |
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<references/> |
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===Etymology 3=== |
===Etymology 3=== |
Revision as of 01:57, 16 September 2021
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Japanese
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Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 奴 in the cursive sōsho style.
Syllable
ぬ (romaji nu)
- The hiragana syllable ぬ (nu). Its equivalent in katakana is ヌ (nu). It is the twenty-third syllable in the gojūon order; its position is な行う段 (na-gyō u-dan, “row na, section u”).
See also
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
Originally the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of Classical Japanese negative particle ず (zu). In modern Japanese, the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) (lemma, originally ず (zu)) assimilated to ぬ (nu).
Suffix
- (archaic) (after the 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of a verb) the negative: indicates negation of the action, ending without starting or occurring: not
- グローバルな時代に自国のことだけを考えるわけにはいかぬ。
- Gurōbaruna jidai ni jikoku no koto dake o kangaeru wake ni wa ikanu.
- In the global age we cannot think of our own country alone.
- 知らぬことを知らぬと言うには勇気が要る。
- Shiranu koto o shiranu to iu ni wa yūki ga iru.
- When you don’t know something, it takes courage to admit it.
- 彼は何を聞いても、知らぬとしか答えぬ。
- Kare wa nani o kīte mo, shiranu to shika kotaenu.
- No matter what I ask, he answers only that he does not know.
- その日本人は英語が分からぬようだった。
- Sono nihonjin wa eigo ga wakaranu yōdatta.
- That Japanese did not seem to understand English.
- 最近は滅多に酒を飲まぬが、若い頃はよく飲んだものだ。
- Saikin wa metta ni sake o nomanu ga, wakaikoro wa yoku nonda monoda.
- I seldom drink these days, but I used to drink a lot when I was young.
- 日本語が話せる者はこの辺にはおらぬ。
- Nihongo ga hanaseru mono wa kono hen ni wa oranu.
- In this area there are no people who can speak Japanese.
- グローバルな時代に自国のことだけを考えるわけにはいかぬ。
Conjugation
Stem forms | ||||
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Imperfective (未然形) | - | - | ||
Continuative (連用形) | ず ん |
zu n | ||
Terminal (終止形) | ぬ ん |
nu n | ||
Attributive (連体形) | ぬ ん |
nu n | ||
Hypothetical (仮定形) | ね | ne | ||
Imperative (命令形) | - | - | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Passive | - | - | ||
Causative | - | - | ||
Potential | - | - | ||
Volitional | - | - | ||
Negative | - | - | ||
Negative continuative | - | - | ||
Formal | - | - | ||
Perfective | - | - | ||
Conjunctive | ず ん |
zu n | ||
Hypothetical conditional | ねば | neba | ||
The missing forms are usually suppleted by the forms of ない. |
- For classical conjugation, see ず.
Usage notes
Word | dictionary form | mizenkei + -nu | historical kana |
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godan verbs (type 1) | |||
書く | かく (kaku) | かかぬ (kakanu) | |
泳ぐ | およぐ (oyogu) | およがぬ (oyoganu) | |
話す | はなす (hanasu) | はなさぬ (hanasanu) | |
待つ | まつ (matsu) | またぬ (matanu) | |
死ぬ | しぬ (shinu) | しなぬ (shinanu) | |
呼ぶ | よぶ (yobu) | よばぬ (yobanu) | |
読む | よむ (yomu) | よまぬ (yomanu) | |
作る | つくる (tsukuru) | つくらぬ (tsukuranu) | |
買う | かう (kau) | かわぬ (kawanu) | かはぬ |
ichidan verbs (type 2) | |||
見る | みる (miru) | みぬ (minu) | |
開ける | あける (akeru) | あけぬ (akenu) | |
irregular verbs (type 3) | |||
来る | くる (kuru) | こぬ (konu) | |
する | する (suru) | せぬ (senu) |
- This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
- ぬ is an archaic negative marker that corresponds to ない, but it only attaches to verbs. In addition, ぬ is used in very stiff written Japanese. As a result, proverbs such as the following must use ぬ, not ない.
- 転ばぬ先の杖。 ― korobanu saki no tsue. ― Lit. A cane in advance so as not to fall. (Fig. Prevention is better than cure.)
- 知らぬが仏。 ― shiranu ga hotoke. ― Lit. Not to know is to be a Buddha. (Fig. Ignorance is bliss.)
- 言わぬが花。 ― iwanu ga hana. ― Lit. Not to speak is a flower. (Fig. Better leave it unsaid.)
- ぬ does not have a past tense form.
- Apart from proverbs, ない can replace ぬ, but ぬ cannot always replace ない, as demonstrated in the following examples.
- この本は面白くない。 ― kono hon wa omoshiroku nai. ― This book is not interesting.
- 朝ご飯を食べないで学校へ行った。 ― asagohan o tabenai de gakkō e itta. ― I went to school without eating breakfast.
- 朝ご飯を食べずに学校へ行った。 ― asagohan o tabezu ni gakkō e itta. ― I went to school without eating breakfast.
- The difference between ぬ and ず is that ぬ can be used at the end of a sentence or before a noun, auxiliary or conjunction, whereas ず can be used as a ren'yōkei or before に to mean “without doing something.” The following examples shall demonstrate the difference.
- 昼ご飯を食べずに仕事をした。 ― hirugohan o tabezu ni shigoto o shita. ― I did my work without eating my lunch.
- 今日は風邪ぎみで、会社にも行かず、家で寝ていた。 ― kyō wa kazegimi de, kaisha ni mo ikazu, ie de nete ita. ― I had a touch of cold today, so I stayed in bed at home, without going to work.
- そうは思わぬ。 ― sō wa omowanu. ― I don’t think so.
- 知らぬことを知っていると言ってはいけない。 ― shiranu koto o shitte iru to itte wa ikenai. ― You shouldn’t say you know what you don’t know.[1]
Synonyms
(negative verb ending):
- (very casual, also archaic, also dialectal) ん (n)
- (casual) ない (nai)
- (eye dialect spelling, also masculine language) ねぇ (nē)
- (formal) ません (masen)
- (written formal) ず (zu)
- (Kansai) へん (hen)
References
Etymology 3
From Old Japanese.[1][2][3]
Many monolingual Japanese dictionaries[1][2][3] derive this as a contraction of Old Japanese 往ぬ (inu, “to go away; to pass (such as time); to pass away, to die”); however, the meaning does not seem to make sense in the context of the verb ending -nu.
More recent work by Bjarke Frellesvig and others suggests that -nu may have originated from an ancient copular or stative verb.
Suffix
- (after the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb) the perfective: indicates completion of the action, ending after starting or occurring: has done, has happened
- 風が立ちぬ
- kaze ga tachinu
- the wind has risen / has picked up
- 風が立ちぬ
Conjugation
Usage notes
- In Old Japanese and continuing in classical and later Japanese, the ending ぬ (nu) and the ending つ (tsu) have both been used to mark the completion of an action. ぬ (nu) was used mainly for verbs that indicated intransitive, naturally occurring, or unintentional actions, while つ (tsu) was used mainly for verbs that indicated transitive or intentional actions. In the shift to modern Japanese, this distinction was lost, and Classical つ (tsu) developed into modern た (ta).
- In classical Japanese, perfective ぬ (nu) conjugates differently from negative ぬ (nu) (ず (zu)) as shown in the following table:
Negative ぬ (nu) (ず (zu)) Perfective ぬ (nu) Attaches to verb stem conjugated to → Irrealis / 未然形 (mizenkei) Continuative / 連用形 (ren'yōkei) Conjugates to ↓ Irrealis / 未然形 (mizenkei) ず (zu) な (na) Continuative / 連用形 (ren'yōkei) ず (zu) に (ni) Terminal / 終止形 (shūshikei) ず (zu) ぬ (nu) Attributive / 連体形 (rentaikei) ぬ (nu) ぬる (nuru) Realis / 已然形 (izenkei) ね (ne) ぬれ (nure) Imperative / 命令形 (meireikei) - ね (ne)
- In modern Japanese, ぬ (nu) is rarely encountered, and it often imparts a formal or archaic sense.
- This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
Synonyms
(perfective verb ending):
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Kunigami
Etymology
Pronunciation
Particle
ぬ (romaji nu)
- possessive particle
Miyako
Etymology
Pronunciation
Particle
ぬ (romaji nu)
- possessive particle
Okinawan
Etymology
From Proto-Ryukyuan *no, from Proto-Japonic *nə (“nominative and genitive case marker”). Cognate with Japanese の (no).
Pronunciation
Particle
ぬ (rōmaji nu)
- genitive case marker
- nominative case marker
- Indicates the subject of a sentence.
- 天道ぬ上がゆん。
- Tīda-nu agayun.
- The sun rises.
- 鳥ぬ鳴ちゅん。
- Tui-nu nachun.
- The birds sing.
- Indicates the subject of a sentence.
Usage notes
References
- “ヌ” in Okinawa Center of Language Study, Shuri-Naha Dialect Dictionary (archived; reopens 2024).
Old Japanese
Etymology
The conjugation of this auxiliary verb appears to follow that of a defective n-row 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō) paradigm rather than a ナ行変格活用 (na-gyō henkaku katsuyō) paradigm, despite the fact that there was never an n-row 四段活用 (yodan katsuyō) paradigm.
Notably, this verb has no attested 終止形 (shūshikei); uses and conjugations off of にす (nisu) are seen instead. This verb also has no attested 命令形 (meireikei).
Suffix
ぬ (-nu)
- (following the irrealis stem of verbs)
- expresses negation; not
Conjugation
Stem forms | ||||
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Irrealis (未然形) | な | na | ||
Continuative (連用形) | に | ni | ||
Terminal (終止形) | [1] | - | ||
Attributive (連体形) | ぬ | nu | ||
Realis (已然形) | ね | ne | ||
Imperative (命令形) | - | |||
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | - | |||
Contrasting conjunction | ねど | nedo | ||
Causal conjunction | ねば | neba | ||
Conditional conjunction | - | |||
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | - | |||
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | - | |||
Perfect tense (conscious action) | - | |||
Perfect tense (natural event) | - | |||
Perfect-continuative tense | - | |||
Adverbial | に | ni | ||
[1]にす (nisu) is used instead. |
Descendants
- ず (zu)
Yaeyama
Etymology
Pronunciation
Particle
ぬ (romaji nu)
- possessive particle
Yonaguni
Etymology
Pronunciation
Particle
ぬ (romaji nu)
- possessive particle
- Character boxes with images
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