儒

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儒 U+5112, 儒
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5112
← 儑
[U+5111] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 儓 →
[U+5113]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

儒 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+14, 16 strokes, cangjie input 人一月月 (OMBB), four-corner 21227, composition ⿰亻需)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 119, character 30
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1220
  • Dae Jaweon: page 253, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 230, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+5112

Chinese[edit]

trad. 儒
simp. # 儒
2nd round simp. 𰁡
alternative forms 㐵
偄
𠍶
𪝥

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 儒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Small seal script

s05667

Transcribed ancient scripts

L30678

L30679

L30680

L03118

L03119

L03120

L03121

L03111

L03112

L03113

L03114

L03115

L03116

L03117

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (需) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
羺 *noː
獳 *noː
擩 *noːs, *njoʔ, *njos, *njul, *njod
譳 *noːs
懦 *noːls, *njo
糯 *noːls
需 *sno
繻 *sno, *njo
鑐 *sno
儒 *njo
濡 *njo, *noːn
襦 *njo
嚅 *njo
顬 *njo
鱬 *njo
嬬 *njo
臑 *njo
醹 *njo, *njoʔ
蠕 *njo
孺 *njos

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *njo): semantic 亻 (“human”) + phonetic 需 (OC *sno).

Etymology[edit]

Origin obscure. Chen (2013)[1] – following Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, etc. – links 儒 (OC *njo, “sorcerers, intellectuals, government officials, Confucians”) to 柔 (OC *mlju, “soft”) and 懦 (OC *noːls, *njo, “weak, timid”) "probably derived from the nature of the profession, registered by softness, suppleness, and flexibility".

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 儒
Mandarin Beijing /ʐu³⁵/
Harbin /lu²¹³/
/ʐu²¹³/
Tianjin /ʐu⁴⁵/
Jinan /lu⁵⁵/
Qingdao /y⁴²/
Zhengzhou /ʐu⁴²/
Xi'an /vu²⁴/
Xining /v̩²⁴/
Yinchuan /ʐu⁵³/
Lanzhou /vu⁵³/
Ürümqi /ʐu⁵¹/
/vu⁵¹/
Wuhan /y²¹³/
Chengdu /zu³¹/
Guiyang /zu²¹/
Kunming /ʐu²¹²/
Nanjing /ʐu²⁴/
Hefei /ʐu²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /zu⁵³/
Pingyao /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hohhot /ʐu⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /zz̩²³/
Suzhou /zz̩ʷ¹³/
Hangzhou /zz̩ʷ²¹³/
Wenzhou /zz̩³¹/
Hui Shexian /y⁴⁴/
Tunxi /y⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /y¹³/
Xiangtan /y¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ɵ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /i¹¹/
Taoyuan /ʒï¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /jy²¹/
Nanning /y²¹/
Hong Kong /jy²¹/
Min Xiamen (Min Nan) /lu³⁵/
Fuzhou (Min Dong) /y⁵³/
Jian'ou (Min Bei) /y²¹/
Shantou (Min Nan) /zu⁵⁵/
Haikou (Min Nan) /zu³¹/
/zi³¹/
Rime
Character 儒
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 日 (38)
Final (韻) 虞 (24)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 人朱切
Baxter nyu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ȵɨo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ȵio/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȵʑio/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ȵuə̆/
Li
Rong 		/ȵio/
Wang
Li 		/ȵʑĭu/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ȵʑi̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		rú
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		jyu4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 儒
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		rú
Middle
Chinese 		‹ nyu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*no/
English 侏儒 zhūrú "dwarf", scholar, Confucianism
(not in original list)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 儒
Reading # 1/1
No. 13969
Phonetic
component 		需
Rime
group 		侯
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		儒
Old
Chinese 		/*njo/

Definitions[edit]

儒

  1. scholar; learned person
    儒林外史  ―  Rúlín wàishǐ  ―  Unofficial History of the Scholars (a satirical novel by 吳敬梓 Wu Jingzi)
  2. Confucian; Ruist
  3. Confucianism; Ruism
  4. weak; cowardly
  5. a surname

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Chen, Yong (2013) Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. Series: Religion in Chinese Societies, Volume 5. Leiden: Brill. pp. 26-29

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

儒

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. Confucianism
  2. Confucianist

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 儒 (MC nyu).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅀᅲᆼ (Yale: zyù)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 션븨 (Yale: syènpùy) ᅀᅲ (Yale: zyù)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

儒 (eumhun 선비 유 (seonbi yu))

  1. Hanja form? of 유 (“scholar”).
  2. Hanja form? of 유 (“Confucianism”).

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [3]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

儒: Hán Nôm readings: nho[1][2][3][4][5][6], nhu[1][2][5][7], nhô[8][6]

  1. scholar
  2. Ruism, Confucianism

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Génibrel (1898).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bonet (1899).
  3. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nguyễn (2004).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
  8. ^ Trần (2004).
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