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→‎Particle: the two sentences need only be parellel in meaning, not in form, and the 'mo' is not always necessary
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{{subst:ja-new2||particle|{{lb|ja|dialectal}} {{n-g|Object marker.}} #: {{synonyms|ja|を|tr=o|q1=standard Japanese}}|en=5}}
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===Etymology 4===
===Etymology 4===
{{ja-see-kango|馬|婆|罵}}
{{ja-see-kango|馬|婆|罵}}

===Etymology 5===

====Pronunciation====
{{ja-pron}}

====Particle====
{{ja-pos|particle}}

# {{lb|ja|dialectal}} {{n-g|Object marker.}}
#: {{synonyms|ja|を|tr=o|q1=standard Japanese}}


===References===
===References===

Revision as of 06:03, 31 May 2021

See also: ほ, は, ぱ, and Appendix:Variations of "pa"

ば U+3070, ば
HIRAGANA LETTER BA
Composition:は [U+306F] + ◌゙ [U+3099]
← は
[U+306F] 		Hiragana ぱ →
[U+3071]

Japanese

Stroke order
5 strokes

Etymology 1

The hiragana character は (ha) with a dakuten (゛).

Pronunciation

Syllable

ば (romaji ba)

  1. The hiragana syllable ば (ba). Its equivalent in katakana is バ (ba).
See also

Etymology 2

From Old Japanese. Appears in the Man'yōshū, completed 759 CE.[1]

Originally an extension of the topic particle は (wa),[2] for which the Old Japanese pronunciation is reconstructed as */pa/. The pa changes to ba as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

Particle

ば • (-ba) 

  1. In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the mizenkei, to express the hypothetical condition: if
    雨(あめ)が降(ふ)れば遠(えん)足(そく)を中(ちゅう)止(し)する。
    Ame ga fureba ensoku o chūshi suru.
    If it rains, we will suspend our trip.
    急(いそ)がば回(まわ)れ ― isogaba maware ― If you rush, you'll go round → more haste, less speed
  2. In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the izenkei, to express the precondition for something to happen: if; when
    雨(あめ)が降(ふ)れば道(みち)が濡(ぬ)れる。
    Ame ga fureba michi ga nureru.
    The road gets wet when it rains.
  3. In the form …ば…ほど (… ba … hodo): the more …, the more
    学(まな)べば学(まな)ぶほど、何(なに)も知(し)らなかった事(こと)に気(き)づく
    Manabeba manabu hodo, nani mo shiranakatta koto ni kizuku
    The more I learned, the more I felt I didn't know anything.
  4. Links sentences parallel in meaning. The sentences usually incorporate a も (mo): … and …
    日(に)本(ほん)語(ご)もできれば英(えい)語(ご)もできる
    nihongo mo dekireba eigo mo dekiru
    to be able to speak both Japanese and English
  5. (archaic) In the form mizenkei + ば (ba) + meireikei on the same verb: it doesn't matter if …; may as well
    死(し)なば死(し)ね ― shinaba shine ― I might as well die.
  6. (archaic) In Modern Japanese, attaches to the kateikei, and in Classical Japanese, attaches to the izenkei, to express the reason or cause: because; as
    雨(あめ)降(ふ)れば運(うん)動(どう)会(かい)は中(ちゅう)止(し)せり。
    Ame fureba undōkai wa chūshi seri.
    The sports meeting is suspended due to rain.
    • 1901, 慶應義塾, 修身要領
      結(けっ)婚(こん)は人(じん)生(せい)の重(じゅう)大(だい)事(じ)なれば配(はい)偶(ぐう)の選(せん)択(たく)は最(もっと)も慎(しん)重(ちょう)ならざる可(べか)らず
      kekkon wa jinsei no jūdaiji nareba haigū no sentaku wa motto mo shinchō narazaru bekarazu
      Since marriage is a major event in life, the choice of a spouse has to be the most cautious.
    • 1904, (deprecated template usage) 芳賀矢一, 中等教科明治文典:
      第(だい)六(ろく)活(かつ)用(よう)形(けい)の「死(し)ね」は命(めい)令(れい)をいふときに用(もち)ゐる形(かたち)なれば命(めい)令(れい)形(けい)といふ。
      Dairoku katsuyōkei no “shine” wa meirei o iu toki ni mochiiru katachi nareba meireikei to iu.
      The sixth conjugated form shine is the form used when expressing a command, so it's called the imperative form.
Usage notes

Modern conjugation:

  • Godan verbs change the -u to -eba.
  • Ichidan verbs change the -ru to -reba.
  • kuru changes to kureba, suru changes to sureba.
  • Adjectives change the -i to -kereba (from -ku areba). The negative form of verbs similarly change the -nai to -nakereba.
  • The copula da changes to naraba, usually shortened to nara. (This is from the hypothetical classical conjugation listed below, but its meaning isn't restricted to hypothetical conditions.) The full form de aru changes to de areba.
Inflection rules for the ば form
non-accented
word		 dictionary form kateikei + -ba accented
word		 dictionary form kateikei + -ba
godan verbs (type 1)
聞く きく (kìkú) きけば (kìkéꜜbà) 書く かく (káꜜkù) かけば (káꜜkèbà)
嗅ぐ かぐ (kàgú) かげば (kàgéꜜbà) 泳ぐ およぐ (òyóꜜgù) およげば (òyóꜜgèbà)
貸す かす (kàsú) かせば (kàséꜜbà) 話す はなす (hànáꜜsù) はなせば (hànáꜜsèbà)
取り持つ とりもつ (tòrímótsú) とりもてば (tòrímótéꜜbà) 立つ たつ (táꜜtsù) たてば (táꜜtèbà)
死ぬ しぬ (shìnú) しねば (shìnéꜜbà) 凍え死ぬ こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) こごえしねば (kògóéshíꜜnèbà)
呼ぶ よぶ (yòbú) よべば (yòbéꜜbà) 選ぶ えらぶ (èráꜜbù) えらべば (èráꜜbèbà)
望む のぞむ (nòzómú) のぞめば (nòzóméꜜbà) 読む よむ (yóꜜmù) よめば (yóꜜmèbà)
終わる おわる (òwárú) おわれば (òwáréꜜbà) 作る つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) つくれば (tsùkúꜜrèbà)
言う いう (ìú) いえば (ìéꜜbà) 会う あう (áꜜù) あえば (áꜜèbà)
追う おう (òú) おえば (òéꜜbà) 食う くう (kúꜜù) くえば (kúꜜèbà)
kami ichidan verbs (type 2a)
似る にる (nìrú) にれば (nìréꜜbà) 見る みる (míꜜrù) みれば (míꜜrèbà)
借りる かりる (kàrírú) かりれば (kàríréꜜbà) 生きる いきる (ìkíꜜrù) いきれば (ìkíꜜrèbà)
感じる かんじる (kàńjírú) かんじれば (kàńjíréꜜbà) 用いる もちいる (mòchííꜜrù) もちいれば (mòchííꜜrèbà)
shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b)
寝る ねる (nèrú) ねれば (nèréꜜbà) 出る でる (déꜜrù) でれば (déꜜrèbà)
開ける あける (àkérú) あければ (àkéréꜜbà) 食べる たべる (tàbéꜜrù) たべれば (tàbéꜜrèbà)
忘れる わすれる (wàsúrérú) わすれれば (wàsúréréꜜbà) 助ける たすける (tàsúkéꜜrù) たすければ (tàsúkéꜜrèbà)
憧れる あこがれる (àkógárérú) あこがれれば (àkógáréréꜜbà) 訪れる おとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù) おとずれれば (òtózúréꜜrèbà)
irregular verbs (type 3)
する する (sùrú) すれば (sùréꜜbà) 来る くる (kúꜜrù) くれば (kúꜜrèbà)
adjectives
重い おもい (òmóí) おもければ (òmóꜜkèrèbà) 高い たかい (tàkáꜜì) たかければ (táꜜkàkèrèbà)
たかければ (tàkáꜜkèrèbà)

(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)

In Classical Japanese the conjugation is more complicated, because both the classical conjugation and the modern conjugation are used, with different meanings:

Classical Japanese Modern Japanese
Hypothetical condition ("if, suppose that") classical conjugation modern conjugation
Precondition ("if, provided that, when, whenever") modern conjugation modern conjugation
Reason or cause ("since, as, because") modern conjugation -

Classical conjugation:

  • Modern godan verbs (= classical yodan, n-irregular, r-irregular) change the -u to -aba.
  • Modern ichidan verbs (= classical ichidan or nidan) change the -ru to -ba.
  • suru changes to seba.
  • Adjectives change the modern -i to -kuba or -kunba.
  • The copula nari and tari change to naraba and taraba.
  • Negative forms change the -zu to -zuba or -zunba.

This word is morphologically an inflectional suffix. It is classified as 助詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar.

Synonyms

Etymology 3

For pronunciation and definitions of ば – see the following entry.
【場】2
[noun] [from 1275] a place
[noun] [from 1701] a situation, the circumstances of a particular place and time
[noun] [from 1825] an act, a section of a play
[noun] [from 1888] (physics) a field
[noun] [from 1893] a trading floor, as in a market or exchange
[counter] [from 1825] an act, a section of a play
(This term, ば (ba), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)
For a list of all kanji read as ば, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ば.)

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of ば – see the following entries.
【馬】2
[affix] horse
【婆】S
[affix] old woman, crone
[affix] Used in Sanskrit transliterations
【罵】S
[affix] abuse; insult
(This term, ば (ba), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as ば, see Category:Japanese kanji read as ば.)

Etymology 5

Pronunciation

Particle

ば • (ba) 

  1. (dialectal) Object marker.
    Synonym: (standard Japanese) を (o)

References

  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
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