ik

English

(deprecated use of |lang= parameter)

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Danish

Adverb

ik

1. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Abbreviation of ikke.

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Dutch

Alternative forms

• ikke

Etymology

From Middle Dutch ic, from Old Dutch ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Low German ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] West Frisian ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] German ich, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] English I, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Danish jeg. See I (English, etymology 3).

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Rhymes: -ɪk
• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter)

  audio

  (file)

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ɪk/ (stressed), (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ək/ (unstressed)

Pronoun

ik

1. First-person singular, subjective: I.

Declension

Dutch personal pronouns

	subject		object		possessive			reflexive	genitive5
singular	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	full	unstr.	pred.
1st person	ik	'k1	mij	me	mijn	m'n1	mijne	me	mijner, mijns
2nd person	jij	je	jou	je	jouw	je	jouwe	je	jouwer, jouws
2nd person archaic or regiolectal	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person masculine	hij	ie1	hem	'm1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
3rd person feminine	zij	ze	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	haar	h'r1, 'r1, d'r1	hare	zich	harer, haars
3rd person neuter	het	't1	het	't1	zijn	z'n1	zijne	zich	zijner, zijns
plural
1st person	wij	we	ons	–	ons, onze2	–	onze	ons	onzer, onzes
2nd person	jullie	je	jullie	je	jullie	je	–	je	–
2nd person archaic or regiolectal6	gij	ge	u	–	uw	–	uwe	u	uwer, uws
2nd person formal	u	–	u	–	uw	–	uwe	zich	uwer, uws
3rd person	zij	ze	hen3, hun4	ze	hun	–	hunne	zich	hunner, huns
1) Not as common in written language. 2) Inflected as an adjective. 3) In prescriptivist use, used only as direct object (accusative). 4) In prescriptivist use, used only as indirect object (dative).				5) Archaic. Nowadays used for formal, literary or poetic purposes, and in fixed expressions. 6) To differentiate from the singular gij, and in a similar vein to "you lot" or "you guys" in English, it is common to use gijlui ("you people") or gijlieden ("you people") or one of their contracted variants, and their corresponding objects, possessives and reflexives, in the plural.

Quotations

• Julius Caesar

  Ik kwam, ik zag, ik overwon.

  I came, I saw, I conquered.

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German Low German

Alternative forms

• 'k, 'ck (enclitic)
• ick
• (Eastphalia, Lippe, County of Mark, Ruhr area) ek, eck
• (Low Prussian) öck, eck

Etymology

From Middle Low German ik, from Old Saxon ik, from Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂.

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ɪk/, /ek/

Pronoun

ik

1. (most northern and western dialects) I (first person singular pronoun)

   Ik kem, ik sach, ik wünd.

   I came, I saw, I conquered. (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)

   • 2012, Wilma Schlüter, Ik küer Platt: de Johrestieten int Münsterland (ISBN 3000392629)

Related terms

• mien (“my, mine”, possessive); mi (“me”, dative (also generally used in place of the accusative)); mik; wi (“we”, plural)

See also

• (Plautdietsch) ekj, etj, ik

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Gothic

Romanization

ik

1. (deprecated template usage) Romanization of 𐌹𐌺

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Latvian

Adverb

ik

1. every

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Marshallese

Noun

ik

1. (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) Alternative spelling of ek

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Middle English

Alternative forms

• ic
• ick

Etymology

From Old English ic (“I”, personal pronoun).

Pronoun

ik

1. (chiefly Northern dialectal) I.
   • circa 1300, Homilies:

     Forthi wil I of my pouert, Schau sum thing that ik haf in hert, [...]

   • circa 1300, Cursor Mundi:

     Her ik haf a litil spend, In word eftir þat ik entend, [...]

   • circa 1390, Chaucer:

     But ik am oold me list not pleye for age.

Descendants

• Scots: ik

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Middle Low German

Pronunciation

• (deprecated use of |lang= parameter) IPA^(key): /ɪk/

Etymology

From Old Saxon ik from Proto-Germanic *ik.

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first person singular nominative)

Declension

Middle Low German personal pronouns

		nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
1st person singular		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
2nd person singular		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
3rd person singular
	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
	n	it (et)
	f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
1st person plural		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
2nd person plural		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
3rd person plural		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

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Old Dutch

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Saxon ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Frisian ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old English iċ, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Dutch ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German ih, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Norse ek, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

1. I

Descendants

• Middle Dutch: ic
  • Dutch: ik

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Old Frisian

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Saxon ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old English iċ, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Dutch ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German ih, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Norse ek, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

1. I

Declension

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions

	singular					plural
	1st	2nd	3rd m	3rd f	3rd n	1st	2nd	3rd
nominative	ik	thū	hī	hiū, hiō	hit	wī	jī	hiā
accusative	mī	thī	hine	hiā	hit	ūs	jū, jō	hiā
dative	mī	thī	him	hire, hiāre	him	ūs	jū, jō	him, hirem, hiārem
genitive	mīn	thīn	sīn	hire, hiāre	sīn	ūser	jūwer	hira, hiāra

Descendants

• Saterland Frisian: iek
• West Frisian: ik

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Old Saxon

Alternative forms

• ic

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Frisian ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old English iċ, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Dutch ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old High German ih, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Norse ek, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Gothic 𐌹𐌺 (ik).

Pronoun

ik

1. I

Declension

Old Saxon personal pronouns

Personal pronouns
Singular	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	ik	thū	hē	siu	it
Accusative	mī, me, mik	thī, thik	ina	sia
Dative	mī	thī	imu	iru	it
Genitive	mīn	thīn	is	ira	is
Dual	1.	2.	-	-	-
Nominative	wit	git	-	-	-
Accusative	unk	ink	-	-	-
Dative
Genitive	unkero, unka	inker, inka	-	-	-
Plural	1.	2.	3. m	3. f	3. n
Nominative	wī, we	gī, ge	sia	sia	siu
Accusative	ūs, unsik	eu, iu, iuu
Dative	ūs		im
Genitive	ūser	euwar, iuwer, iuwar, iuwero, iuwera	iro

Descendants

• German Low German: ik

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Plautdietsch

Pronoun

ik

1. I (first person singular pronoun)

   Ik keem, ik keek, ik wun.

   I came, I saw, I conquered.

   (Veni, vidi, vici. Attributed to Julius Caesar.)

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Scots

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle English ik, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old English ic (“I”, pronoun), from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *ek (“I”, pronoun).

Pronoun

ik

1. (rare) I. Now mostly used to be emphatical.

   Wha did that? Ik! ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • circa 1375, John Barbour, The Bruce:

     For Ik am he, I say the soithly, [...]

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West Frisian

Etymology

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Frisian ik, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Germanic *ek, *ik, from (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Compare (deprecated template usage) [etyl] North Frisian ick, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Dutch ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] German Low German ik, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] German ich, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] English I, (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Danish jeg.

Pronoun

ik

1. I