覆
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]覆 (Kangxi radical 146, 襾+12, 18 strokes, cangjie input 一田竹人水 (MWHOE), four-corner 10247, composition ⿱覀復)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1129, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34789
- Dae Jaweon: page 1598, character 17
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2808, character 9
- Unihan data for U+8986
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 覆 | |
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simp. | 覆/复* | |
2nd round simp. | 覄 | |
alternative forms | 覄 | |
覆 is simplified to 复 only in meanings of "to return/reply". In other meanings, 覆 keeps the same form. |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 覆 | |
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Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Qin slip script | Small seal script |
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Phono-semantic compound (形聲/形声, OC *pʰuɡs, *buɡs, *pʰɯːɡ, *pʰuɡ) : semantic 襾 + phonetic 復 (OC *buɡs, *buɡ).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): fuk1 / fau6 / puk1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fuk / phuk
- Southern Min
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fu6 / pu6
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄈㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: fù
- Wade–Giles: fu4
- Yale: fù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: fuh
- Palladius: фу (fu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fuk1 / fau6 / puk1
- Yale: fūk / fauh / pūk
- Cantonese Pinyin: fuk7 / fau6 / puk7
- Guangdong Romanization: fug1 / feo6 / pug1
- Sinological IPA (key): /fʊk̚⁵/, /fɐu̯²²/, /pʰʊk̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fuk / phuk
- Hakka Romanization System: fugˋ / pugˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: fug5 / pug5
- Sinological IPA: /fuk̚²/, /pʰuk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- phak - vernacular (“to flip; to lie on one's stomach; to press close to”);
- hok - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hog8
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ho̍k
- Sinological IPA (key): /hok̚⁴/
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: fu6 / pu6
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɸu²⁴/, /pʰu²⁴/
- (Changsha)
- fu6 - literary;
- pu6 - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: phjuwH, bjuwH, phjuwk, phok
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*pʰ(r)uk-s/, /*pʰ(r)uk/
- (Zhengzhang): /*pʰuɡs/, /*buɡs/, /*pʰɯːɡ/, /*pʰuɡ/
Definitions
[edit]覆
- to cover
- to tip over; to overturn; to flip over
- 君者,舟也。庶人者,水也。水則載舟,水則覆舟。故君人者,欲安,則莫若平政愛民矣。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Xunzi, c. 3rd century BCE
- Jūn zhě, zhōu yě. Shùrén zhě, shuǐ yě. Shuǐ zé zǎi zhōu, shuǐ zé fù zhōu. Gù jūn rén zhě, yù ān, zé mò ruò píngzhèng àimín yǐ. [Pinyin]
- The ruler is the boat; the common people are the water. The water carries the boat; the water overturns the boat. Thus, should the ruler wish for stability, there is nothing better than to govern with equity and to care for the people.
君者,舟也。庶人者,水也。水则载舟,水则覆舟。故君人者,欲安,则莫若平政爱民矣。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (obsolete) to pour out
- to return (simplifies to 复)
- to reply (simplifies to 复)
- to destroy; to overturn; to perish
- 子曰:「惡紫之奪朱也,惡鄭聲之亂雅樂也,惡利口之覆邦家者。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐyuē: “Wù zǐ zhī duó zhū yě, wù Zhèng shēng zhī luàn yǎyuè yě, wù lìkǒu zhī fù bāngjiā zhě.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "I hate the manner in which purple takes away the luster of vermilion. I hate the way in which the songs of Zheng confound the music of the Ya. I hate those who with their sharp mouths overthrow kingdoms and families."
子曰:「恶紫之夺朱也,恶郑声之乱雅乐也,恶利口之覆邦家者。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- again
- (Hokkien) to lie on one's stomach; to rest one's body on a surface
- (Mainland China Hokkien) to press close to; to nestle up against
Usage notes
[edit]覆 was always simplified to 复 in 1964-1986, but now it still simplifies to 复 only in the meaning of "to return/reply". So words like 答覆, 反覆 and 回覆 still simplify to 答复, 反复 and 回复 in Simplified Chinese respectively. But in other meanings, 覆 no longer simplifies to 复, e.g. 翻覆, 覆蓋, 顛覆, 傾覆, 覆轍.
Synonyms
[edit]- (to lie on one's stomach): 趴 (pā)
- (to press close to):
Compounds
[edit]- 上覆 (shàngfù)
- 以功覆過/以功覆过
- 侔德覆載/侔德覆载
- 傾覆/倾覆 (qīngfù)
- 傾覆重器/倾覆重器
- 全軍覆沒/全军覆没 (quánjūnfùmò)
- 全軍覆滅/全军覆灭 (quánjūnfùmò)
- 反反覆覆/反反复复 (fǎnfǎnfùfù)
- 反覆不一/反复不一
- 反覆不定/反复不定
- 反覆/反复 (fǎnfù)
- 反覆思維/反复思维
- 反覆無常/反复无常 (fǎnfùwúcháng)
- 名覆金甌/名覆金瓯
- 回覆/回复 (huífù)
- 地覆天翻 (dìfùtiānfān)
- 天翻地覆 (tiānfāndìfù)
- 天覆
- 天覆地載/天覆地载
- 射覆
- 布覆
- 循環反覆/循环反复
- 批覆 (pīfù)
- 折足覆餗/折足覆𫗧
- 折鼎覆餗/折鼎覆𫗧
- 拜覆
- 文錦覆阱/文锦覆阱
- 核覆
- 水可載舟,亦可覆舟/水可载舟,亦可覆舟 (shuǐ kě zài zhōu, yì kě fù zhōu)
- 水能載舟,亦則覆舟/水能载舟,亦则覆舟
- 水能載舟,亦能覆舟/水能载舟,亦能覆舟 (shuǐ néng zài zhōu, yì néng fù zhōu)
- 水覆難收/水覆难收
- 泐覆
- 洪覆
- 玄黃翻覆/玄黄翻覆
- 生棟覆屋/生栋覆屋
- 申覆
- 番來覆去/番来覆去
- 番天覆地
- 發覆/发覆
- 示覆
- 禽困覆車/禽困覆车
- 稟覆/禀覆 (bǐngfù)
- 答覆/答复 (dáfù)
- 翻來覆去/翻来覆去 (fānláifùqù)
- 翻天覆地 (fāntiānfùdì)
- 翻覆 (fānfù)
- 翻覆無常/翻覆无常
- 翻雲覆雨/翻云覆雨 (fānyúnfùyǔ)
- 蓋覆/盖覆
- 蒼黃翻覆/苍黄翻覆
- 蕩覆/荡覆 (dàngfù)
- 藕覆
- 被覆 (bèifù)
- 覆亡 (fùwáng)
- 覆信 (fùxìn)
- 覆冒
- 覆去翻來/覆去翻来
- 覆呈
- 覆命 (fùmìng)
- 覆地翻天
- 覆墓
- 覆姓 (fùxìng)
- 覆宗
- 覆宗滅祀/覆宗灭祀
- 覆宗絕嗣/覆宗绝嗣
- 覆宗絕祀/覆宗绝祀
- 覆審/覆审 (fùshěn)
- 覆巢之下無完卵/覆巢之下无完卵 (fùcháozhīxiàwúwánluǎn)
- 覆巢傾卵/覆巢倾卵
- 覆巢毀卵/覆巢毁卵
- 覆巢破卵
- 覆帳/覆帐
- 覆幬/覆帱
- 覆庇之恩
- 覆手 (fùshǒu)
- 覆按
- 覆敗/覆败
- 覆杯
- 覆校
- 覆核 (fùhé)
- 覆水難收/覆水难收 (fùshuǐnánshōu)
- 覆沒/覆没 (fùmò)
- 覆海移山
- 覆滅/覆灭 (fùmiè)
- 覆瓿
- 覆甕/覆瓮
- 覆盂
- 覆盂之固
- 覆盂之安
- 覆盆
- 覆盆之冤
- 覆盆難照/覆盆难照
- 覆盤/覆盘
- 覆盤難照/覆盘难照
- 覆育
- 覆舟載舟/覆舟载舟
- 覆蓋/覆盖 (fùgài)
- 覆蔽
- 覆蕉尋鹿/覆蕉寻鹿
- 覆被
- 覆診/覆诊 (fùzhěn)
- 覆試/覆试
- 覆議/覆议
- 覆車/覆车
- 覆車之戒/覆车之戒
- 覆車之軌/覆车之轨
- 覆車之轍/覆车之辙
- 覆車之鑒/覆车之鉴
- 覆車當戒/覆车当戒
- 覆車繼軌/覆车继轨
- 覆軍/覆军
- 覆軍殺將/覆军杀将
- 覆載/覆载
- 覆轍/覆辙 (fùzhé)
- 覆轍重蹈/覆辙重蹈
- 覆逆
- 覆醢
- 覆醬瓿/覆酱瓿
- 覆雨翻雲/覆雨翻云
- 覆露
- 覆餗/覆𫗧
- 覆餗之患/覆𫗧之患
- 覆餗之憂/覆𫗧之忧
- 覆餗之釁/覆𫗧之衅
- 覆鹿尋蕉/覆鹿寻蕉
- 覆鹿遺蕉/覆鹿遗蕉
- 覆鼎
- 貂覆額/貂覆额
- 買臣覆水/买臣覆水
- 載舟覆舟/载舟覆舟
- 重蹈覆轍/重蹈覆辙 (chóngdǎofùzhé)
- 鈞覆/钧覆
- 雖覆能復/虽覆能复
- 雲翻雨覆/云翻雨覆
- 電覆/电覆 (diànfù)
- 露覆
- 頗覆/颇覆
- 顛覆/颠覆 (diānfù)
References
[edit]- “覆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Shinjitai | 覆 | |
Kyūjitai [1] |
覆󠄁 覆+ 󠄁 ?(Adobe-Japan1) |
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覆󠄄 覆+ 󠄄 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]From Middle Chinese 覆 (MC phjuwk); compare Mandarin 覆 (fù):
From Middle Chinese 覆 (MC phjuwH); compare Mandarin 覆 (fù):
From Middle Chinese 覆 (MC bjuwH); compare Mandarin 覆 (fù):
From native Japanese roots:
- Kun: おおう (ōu, 覆う, Jōyō)←おほふ (ofofu, 覆ふ, historical); くつがえる (kutsugaeru, 覆る, Jōyō)←くつがへる (kutugaferu, 覆る, historical); くつがえす (kutsugaesu, 覆す, Jōyō)←くつがへす (kutugafesu, 覆す, historical); おおい (ōi, 覆い)←おほひ (ofofi, 覆ひ, historical); かえす (kaesu, 覆す)←かへす (kafesu, 覆す, historical); かえる (kaeru, 覆る)←かへる (kaferu, 覆る, historical)
References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- hanja form? of 부 (“cover”)
- hanja form? of 부 (“tip over”)
- hanja form? of 부 (“return”)
- hanja form? of 부 (“reply”)
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]覆: Hán Nôm readings: phú, phủ, phúc
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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