力

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See also: カ, 九, and 丸

Template:character info/new

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

See images of
Radical 19 力

力 (Kangxi radical 19, 力+0, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大尸 (KS), four-corner 40027, composition ⿻𠃌丿)

  1. Kangxi radical #19, ⼒.

Derived characters

Descendants

See also

  • カ (Japanese katakana)

References

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 146, character 5
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2288
  • Dae Jaweon: page 327, character 31
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 364, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+529B

Chinese

simp. and trad.
 力
alternative forms 𠠲
⿻力丶
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Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 力
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Kangxi Dictionary (compiled in Qing)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Ming typeface
Characters in the same phonetic series (力) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
勒 *rɯːɡ
肋 *rɯːɡ
扐 *rɯːɡ
仂 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
艻 *rɯːɡ
朸 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
玏 *rɯːɡ
泐 *rɯːɡ, *rɯɡ
阞 *rɯːɡ
竻 *rɯːɡ
力 *rɯɡ
屴 *rɯɡ
鳨 *rɯɡ

Pictogram (象形) – alternative interpretation, either an arm bending out from the side of the body, or a plough.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *k-ra (“strength; to win; classifier for people”) + *-k (STEDT; Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Burmese အား (a:, “strength; force”); Proto-Loloish *ra² (“strength”), whence Nuosu ꊋ (we); Panyi Bai [script needed] (ɣɯ̱⁴², “strength”); Central Bai hhep (“strength”).

Schuessler (2007) also suggests an etymological connection with 來 (OC *m·rɯːɡ, “to come”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • lì - literary;
  • sā̤ - vernacular.
Note:
  • la̍t - vernacular;
  • le̍k/lia̍k - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 力
Mandarin Beijing /li⁵¹/
Harbin /li⁵³/
Tianjin /li⁵³/
Jinan /li²¹/
Qingdao /li⁴²/
Zhengzhou /li²⁴/
Xi'an /li²¹/
Xining /l̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /li¹³/
Lanzhou /li¹³/
Ürümqi /li²¹³/
Wuhan /ni²¹³/
Chengdu /ni³¹/
Guiyang /ni²¹/
Kunming /li³¹/
Nanjing /liʔ⁵/
Hefei /liəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /liəʔ²/
Pingyao /liʌʔ⁵³/
Hohhot /liəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /liɪʔ¹/
Suzhou /liəʔ³/
Hangzhou /liəʔ²/
Wenzhou /lei²¹³/
Hui Shexian /li²²/
Tunxi /li¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /li²⁴/
Xiangtan /ni²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /liʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /lit̚⁵/
Taoyuan /lit̚⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /lek̚²/
Nanning /lek̚²²/
Hong Kong /lik̚²/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lik̚⁵/
/lat̚⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /liʔ⁵/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /li⁴²/
Shantou (Teochew) /lak̚⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /lek̚⁵/
/lak̚³/
Rime
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 職 (134)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 林直切
Baxter lik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɨk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɨk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/liek̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lik̚/
Li
Rong 		/liək̚/
Wang
Li 		/lĭək̚/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/li̯ək̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		lì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lik6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		lì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lik ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k.rək/
English strength

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 力
Reading # 1/1
No. 7854
Phonetic
component 		力
Rime
group 		職
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		力
Old
Chinese 		/*rɯɡ/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 力

  1. physical strength; physical power; energy
  2. force; strength; power
    力量  ―  lìliàng  ―  power
    攻擊力／攻击力  ―  gōngjīlì  ―  firepower
  3. power; energy
    汽力  ―  qìlì  ―  steam power
  4. (physics) force
  5. ability; capability
    能力  ―  nénglì  ―  ability
  6. function; feature; capability; competence
  7. to make an effort; to strive; to endeavor; to work hard
  8. with all one's might; doing all in one's power
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Synonyms

  • (physical strength):
(deprecated template usage)
  • (ability):
(deprecated template usage)
  • (function):
(deprecated template usage)
  • (to make an effort):
(deprecated template usage)

Compounds

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(deprecated template usage)

Japanese

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

力

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. power, force, strength

Readings

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
力
ちから
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese. Compound of (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Old Japanese elements 霊 (chi, “power, life force, essence”) +‎ から (kara, “from”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

力(ちから) • (chikara) 

  1. strength; power; force
  2. (physics) force
  3. ability; capacity
  4. effort
  5. (tarot): Strength
Derived terms
Derived terms

Proper noun

力(ちから) • (Chikara) 

  1. a male given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
力
りき
Grade: 1
goon

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 力 (lik). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Compare modern (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Cantonese reading lik6.

Pronunciation

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Affix

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. power, strength
    力(りき)学(がく)、力(りき)士(し)、二馬(にば)力(りき)
    rikigaku, rikishi, nibariki
    “power studies” (dynamics), “strength person” (sumo wrestler), two horsepower

Noun

力(りき) • (riki) 

  1. physical strength
  2. (Buddhism) capability, especially mystical power
  3. (Buddhism) the suchness of ability, one of the Ten Suchnesses in Mahayana Buddhism
  4. short for 力者 (rikisha): a strong person
  5. (archaic) short for 車力 (shariki), 力車 (rikisha): a rickshaw
  6. (archaic) a rickshaw operator's wages
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
力
りょく
Grade: 1
kan'on

From (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese 力 (lì), but apparently from a different source dialect or at a different time than 力 (lik). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Compare reconstructed (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Middle Chinese reading /li̯ək/ or (deprecated template usage) [etyl] Korean reading ryeok.

Only found in compounds and idioms in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

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Affix

力(りょく) • (ryoku) 

  1. strength, power
    力(りょく)争(そう)、権(けん)力(りょく)
    ryokusō, kenryoku
    “strength struggle” (a hard fight), “right power” (authority)
Derived terms
Derived terms

References


Korean

Noun

力 • (ryeok) (hangeul 력)

  1. strength, power

Hanja

力 • (ryeok) (hangeul 력, McCune–Reischauer ryŏk)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Compounds

Vietnamese

Han character

力: Hán Việt readings: lực (林(lâm)直(trực)切(thiết))[1][2][3]
力: Nôm readings: sức[1][3][4], lực[2][3], sực[3][4], sựt[3][4], rực[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of lực (“physical force”).
  2. Nôm form of sức (“strength; power”).

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hồ (1976).
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