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===Etymology 2===
===Etymology 2===
{{wikipedia|lang=en|Japanese verb conjugation#te form}}
{{wikipedia|lang=en|Japanese verb conjugation#te form}}
From the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' of the classical auxiliary verb {{m|ja|つ|tr=tsu}}.
From the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' of the classical auxiliary verb {{m|ja|つ|tr=tu}}.


====Alternative forms====
====Alternative forms====

Revision as of 23:16, 21 November 2022

See also: で, ⺄, ح, ج, خ, and Շ

て U+3066, て
HIRAGANA LETTER TE
← づ
[U+3065] 		Hiragana で →
[U+3067]

Japanese

Stroke order
1 stroke

Etymology 1

Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 天 in the cursive sōsho style.

Pronunciation

Syllable

て (romaji te)

  1. The hiragana syllable て (te). Its equivalent in katakana is テ (te). It is the nineteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is た行え段 (ta-gyō e-dan, “row ta, section e”).
Derived terms
See also

Etymology 2

English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

From the ren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verb つ (tu).

Alternative forms

  • (allomorph used with -gu/-bu/-mu/-nu (voiced ending) godan verbs) で (de)

Pronunciation

Particle

て • (te) 

  1. A conjunctive particle, attaching to the ren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives.
    1. Simply indicates actions or states that occur simultaneously.
      大(おお)きくて甘(あま)いリンゴ
      ōkikute amai ringo
      a big, sweet apple
      姉(あね)がピアノを弾(ひ)いて妹(いもうと)が歌(うた)を歌(うた)う。
      Ane ga piano o hiite imōto ga uta o utau.
      The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.
    2. Indicates actions or states that occur successively.
      家(いえ)に帰(かえ)って、テレビを見(み)た。
      Ie ni kaette, terebi o mita.
      I went back home and watched TV.
    3. Indicates reason or cause.
      風(か)邪(ぜ)を引(ひ)いて、学校(がっこう)を休(やす)んだ。
      Kaze o hiite, gakkō o yasunda.
      I didn't go to school because I caught a cold.
    4. Used as a contrastive conjunction.
      見(み)て見(み)ぬふり ― mite minu furi ― saw but pretended not to see → turn a blind eye
      知(し)っていて教(おし)えない
      shitte ite oshienai
      to know something but not to tell it
    5. Indicates method or state.
      喜(よろこ)んで一(いち)日(にち)を過(す)ごした。
      Yorokonde ichinichi o sugoshita.
      I spent the day happily.
    6. Followed by hojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such as いる (iru), ある (aru), やる (yaru), くれる (kureru), あげる (ageru), もらう (morau), おく (oku), くる (kuru), いく (iku), etc., to make their complement.
      日(に)本(ほん)語(ご)を勉(べん)強(きょう)している。
      Nihongo o benkyō shite iru.
      I'm learning Japanese.
      机(つくえ)の上(うえ)に置(お)いてある。
      Tsukue no ue ni oite aru.
      It's put on the desk.
    7. Used in the form …て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition.
    8. ては (-te wa) and ても (-te mo) make conditional clauses.
  2. A sentence-final particle, derived from the conjunctive particle above. Attaches to verbs and adjectives in the same way, and usually takes the form って when attaching to adjectives. Considered quite feminine.
    1. Used to seek opinion or ask a question.
      もうご覧(らん)になって？
      Mō goran ni natte?
      Have you seen it?
      よろしくって？
      Yoroshikutte?
      Is it OK?
    2. Indicates the speaker's opinion or judgment. Usually followed by よ (yo).
      お手(て)紙(がみ)ちょうだいね。待(ま)っててよ
      O-tegami chōdai ne. Matte te yo
      Please send me a letter. I'm waiting.
    3. Short for てください (-te kudasai) or てくれ (-te kure): makes a light command or request. Usually followed by よ (yo) or ね (ne).
      助(たす)けて！
      Tasukete!
      Help!
      ちょっと待(ま)って
      chotto matte
      Wait a minute.
      いつか、私(わたし)を助(たす)けてね
      itsuka, watashi o tasukete ne
      Help me someday, okay?
Usage notes
Inflection rules for the て form
non-accented [0] word dictionary form -te form accented [-2] word dictionary form -te form
godan verbs (type 1)
聞く きく (kìkú) きいて (kìíté) 書く かく (káꜜkù) かいて (káꜜìtè)
嗅ぐ かぐ (kàgú) かいで (kàídé) 泳ぐ およぐ (òyóꜜgù) およいで (òyóꜜìdè)
貸す かす (kàsú) かして (kàshíté)
かいて (kàíté) (dialectal)		 話す はなす (hànáꜜsù) はなして (hànáꜜshìtè)
はないて (hànáꜜìtè) (dialectal)
取り持つ とりもつ (tòrímótsú) とりもって (tòrímótté) 立つ たつ (táꜜtsù) たって (táꜜttè)
死ぬ しぬ (shìnú) しんで (shìńdé) 凍え死ぬ こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) こごえしんで (kògóéshíꜜǹdè)
呼ぶ よぶ (yòbú) よんで (yòńdé)
ようで (yòódé) (dialectal)		 選ぶ えらぶ (èráꜜbù) えらんで (èráꜜǹdè)
えろうで (èróꜜòdè) (dialectal, historically えらうで)
望む のぞむ (nòzómú) のぞんで (nòzóńdé)
のぞうで (nòzóódé) (dialectal)		 読む よむ (yóꜜmù) よんで (yóꜜǹdè)
ようで (yóꜜòdè) (dialectal)
終わる おわる (òwárú) おわって (òwátté) 作る つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) つくって (tsùkúꜜttè)
言う いう (ìú)
ゆう (yùú)		 いって (ìtté)
ゆって (yùtté)
ゆうて (yùúté) (Kansai, historically いうて)		 会う あう (áꜜù) あって (áꜜttè)
おうて (óꜜòtè) (Kansai, historically あうて)
追う おう (òú) おって (òtté)
おうて (òóté) (Kansai)		 食う くう (kúꜜù) くって (kúꜜttè)
くうて (kúꜜùtè) (Kansai)
kami ichidan verbs (type 2a)
似る にる (nìrú) にて (nìté) 見る みる (míꜜrù) みて (míꜜtè)
借りる かりる (kàrírú) かりて (kàríté) 生きる いきる (ìkíꜜrù) いきて (íꜜkìtè)
感じる かんじる (kàńjírú) かんじて (kàńjíté) 用いる もちいる (mòchííꜜrù) もちいて (mòchíꜜìtè)
shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b)
寝る ねる (nèrú) ねて (nèté) 出る でる (déꜜrù) でて (déꜜtè)
開ける あける (àkérú) あけて (àkété) 食べる たべる (tàbéꜜrù) たべて (táꜜbètè)
忘れる わすれる (wàsúrérú) わすれて (wàsúrété) 助ける たすける (tàsúkéꜜrù) たすけて (tàsúꜜkètè)
憧れる あこがれる (àkógárérú) あこがれて (àkógárété) 訪れる おとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù) おとずれて (òtózúꜜrètè)
irregular verbs (type 3)
する する (sùrú) して (shìté) 来る くる (kúꜜrù) きて (kíꜜtè)
adjectives
重い おもい (òmóí) おもくて (òmóꜜkùtè) 高い たかい (tàkáꜜì) たかくて (táꜜkàkùtè)
たかくて (tàkáꜜkùtè)

(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)

  • In Standard Japanese the -te form of 行く (iku, “to go”) is 行って (itte).
  • The Kansai forms are also literary. In Standard Japanese they are mandatory for the two verbs 問う (tou, “to ask”) and 請う (kou, “to beg”).
  • When the て (te) indicates method or state, ない (nai) + て (te) becomes ないで (naide) instead of the regular なくて (nakute):
    ご飯(はん)を食(た)べないで出(で)た ― gohan o tabenaide deta ― I went out without eating.
  • In formal writing, て (te) is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, the ren'yōkei is used for all but the last action or state, and いる (iru) (which becomes い (i)) is replaced by おり (ori).
    姉(あね)がピアノを弾(ひ)き、妹(いもうと)が歌(うた)を歌(うた)う。 ― ane ga piano o hiki, imōto ga uta o utau. ― (formal) The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.
  • As both the ren'yōkei form and the て (te)/で (de) form connect clauses together, they are usually interchangeable. They each serve specific grammatical purposes as follows:
    • When two verbs are closely related in context, て (te) must be used.
      デパートへ行(い)って、買(か)い物(もの)をする ― depāto e itte,kaimono o suru ― I'll go to the department store and do some shopping.
    • When two verbs are both controllable in nature, て (te) must be used.
      友達(ともだち)に会(あ)って、休(やす)みのことを尋(たず)ねる ― tomodachi ni atte, yasumi no koto o tazuneru ― I'll meet my friend and ask about their holiday.
    • When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature, て (te) must be used.
      地(じ)震(しん)で地(じ)面(めん)がすごく揺(ゆ)れて、立(た)てなかった ― jishin de jimen ga sugoku yurete,tatenakatta ― The ground shook so much in the earthquake that I couldn't stand up.

[1][2]

  • This word is classified as 助詞 (joshi, “auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is an inflectional suffix, and “ren'yōkei + て (te)” is usually called the gerund, a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[3] and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called the テ形 (-te kei, “-te form”).

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

Particle

て • (te) 

  1. Alternative form of the case, binding or sentence-final particle って (tte), used after the /N/ sound.
    こまちゃんて言(い)うな――!!
    Koma-chan te iu na――!!
    Don't call me Koma-chan!

Etymology 4

For pronunciation and definitions of て – see the following entry.
【手】1
[noun] a hand
[noun] a handle, grip
[noun] a paw, foreleg
[noun] a way of acting, means
[noun] (board games) a move, play
[prefix] strengthens the prefixed adjective or adjectival noun
[suffix] one who does the previous word's action: -ist, -er
[suffix] (board games) counter for moves in shogi, go, etc.
(This term, て, is the hiragana spelling of the above term.)
For a list of all kanji read as て, see Category:Japanese kanji read as て.)

References

  1. ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1989 January 1) “Main Entries: -te て”, in A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 464–467
  2. ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1995 January 1) “Main Entries: Vmasu”, in A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 556-560
  3. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57
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