Appendix:Bhujel Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in four Bhujel dialects. The list below is from Regmi (2007: 474-478).

The dialects are:

  • Eastern dialect (Andimul)
  • North-western dialect (Baniyatar)
  • Mid-western dialect (Purlung and Kaphalawanra)
  • Southern dialect (Pipaltar)

Presentation[edit]

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List[edit]

No. English gloss Eastern dialect
(Andimul)		 North-western dialect
(Baniyatar)		 Mid-western dialect
(Purlung and Kaphalawanra)		 Southern dialect
(Pipaltar)
1 I ŋɑ ŋɑ ŋɑ ŋɑ
2 you nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ nɑŋ
3 we ŋi ni ŋi ni
4 this i i ilai i
5 that dyo dyo dyo dou
6 who su su su su
7 what do do do do
8 not nɑla nɑla nɑl nɑl
9 all sakta sakta jammo niŋ
10 many nɑto dʰer dʰerai dʰerai
11 one ɑjyo ɑjyo ɑjyo ɑcyo
12 two nisjyo nisjyo nʰjyo nisjyo
13 big brɑuto brɑuto brɑuto yɑuto
14 long yɑuto yɑuto tolto yɑuto
15 small maito maito maito maito
16 woman ɑmɑlam/mumco mumco momco ɑmɑlam
17 man ɑpɑlam/goyco goyco goyco ɑpɑlam
18 person mancʰe mancʰe mancʰe mancʰe
19 fish ŋhɑ ŋɑ ŋʰɑ ŋɑ
20 bird wɑ wɑ wɑ wɑ
21 dog kuy kui kui kuy
22 louse sek sek sek sek
23 tree siŋ siŋ siŋ siŋ
24 seed biyɑ biyɑ biyɑ biyɑ
25 leaf mat mat jelo mat
26 root jara jara jara jara
27 bark pun pun pun bokrɑ
28 skeen pun pun pun pun
29 flesh syɑ syɑ syɑ syɑ
30 blood woy woy woi woy
31 bone rhus rus rhus rhus
32 grease cʰau cʰau cʰo cʰɑu
33 egg um um um um
34 horn roŋ roŋ roŋ roŋ
35 tail me me me me
36 feather kʰer kʰer myɑn kʰer
37 hair myɑn myɑn pu pu
38 head pukʰ puk pu pu
39 ear no no no no
40 eye muik muik muit mik
41 nose nhe ne nʰe ne
42 mouth kɑm kɑm kɑm kɑm
43 tooth sɑik/sayet sɑik sɑik sɑyet
44 tongue lhe le le le
45 claw son son son son
46 foot dom dom dom dom
47 knee tɑku tɑku gʰundɑ gʰundɑ
48 hand krut krut krut krut
49 belly yoŋ yoŋ yoŋ yoŋ
50 neck kaik kaik kait kait
51 breasts dut cʰɑti dut dut
52 heart luŋ luŋ lhuŋ luŋ
53 liver sin sin kalejo kalejo
54 drink tuŋmay tuŋmay tuŋmɑy tuŋmɑy
55 eat jemay jemay jemɑy jemɑy
56 bite jaikmay jaikmay jaymɑy jaymɑy
57 see kanmay kanmay kanmay kanmɑy
58 hear sɑymay sɑymay sɑimɑy sɑimɑy
59 know cimay cimay cimɑy cimɑy
60 sleep emmay emmay yemmɑy yemmɑy
61 die simay simay simɑy simɑy
62 kill sɑtmay sɑtmay sɑtmɑy sɑtmɑy
63 swim blɑ blɑ lɑmmɑy lɑmmɑy
64 fly yummay yummay yuŋmɑy yuŋmɑy
65 walk cʰomay cʰomay cʰomɑy cʰomɑy
66 come wɑŋmay wɑŋmay wɑŋmay wɑŋmɑy
67 lie lɑmmay lɑmmay lɑmmɑy lɑmmɑy
68 sit cyuŋmay cyuŋmay cyuŋmɑy cyuŋmɑy
69 stand ciŋmay ciŋmay ciŋmɑy ciŋmɑy
70 give baymay baymay boymɑy boymɑy
71 say tomay tomay rhɑmɑy tomɑy
72 sun nyɑm nyɑm nyɑm nyɑm
73 moon lɑhɑu lɑhɑu lhɑu lɑhɑu
74 star tɑrɑ tɑrɑ tɑrɑ tɑrɑ
75 water ti ti ti ti
76 rain nyɑmti nyɑmti nyɑmti nyɑmti
77 stone bɑŋ bɑŋ bɑŋ bɑŋ
78 sand baluwɑ baluwɑ baluwɑ baluwɑ
79 earth sɑ sɑ sɑ sɑ
80 cloud mus mus mus mus
81 smoke mheku mheku meku meku
82 fire mhe mhe me me
83 ash tʰɑpu tʰɑpu tʰɑpu tʰɑpu
84 burn lyuŋ lyuŋ luŋ luŋ
85 road lyɑm lyɑm lyɑm lɑm
86 mountain bʰir bʰir pahɑr pahɑr
87 red duo duo duto duto
88 green hariyo hariyo hariyo hariyo
89 yellow yɑrto yɑrto yɑrto pahelo
90 white pʰɑmo/pʰɑmto pʰɑmo/pʰɑmto pʰɑmto pʰɑmto
91 black gɑlto gɑlto gɑlto gɑlo
92 night yɑkʰdiŋ yɑkdiŋ rɑt rɑt
93 hot tʰɑo tʰɑo tʰɑto tʰɑto
94 cold nikto/jhiznto nikto/jhiznto jhiznto jsimo
95 full bliŋto bliŋto bliŋto bʰari
96 new nay nay nayɑ nayɑ
97 good peto/gyɑnto peto/gyɑnto dyɑnto dyɑno
98 round golo golo golo golo
99 dried soto soto soto soto
100 name mayaŋ mayaŋ mayiŋ mɑyaŋ

References[edit]

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

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