木
Translingual
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Han character
木 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+0, 4 strokes, cangjie input 木 (D), four-corner 40900, composition ⿻十𠆢)
- Kangxi radical #75, ⽊.
Derived characters
- Index:Chinese radical/木
- 休, 㕲, 𡉿, 𫹎, 𪫟, 𢪮, 沐, 𦙣, 炑, 牀, 𭷉, 𤘬, 狇, 𬍓, 𤱃, 𥄢, 𥝰, 𭩼, 䊾, 蚞, 𮗼, 䝗, 𮠛, 鈢, 𩵦(𫠏), 禾, 床, 耒, 罙, 穼, 集, 雧
Descendants
- 𛀧 (Hentaigana)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 509, character 1
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14415
- Dae Jaweon: page 888, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1149, character 6
- Unihan data for U+6728
Chinese
simp. and trad. |
木 |
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Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 木 | ||||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – a tree: branches on top, roots on the bottom (more visible in earlier forms).
Etymology
No known cognate exists. It can perhaps be compared with Proto-Karen *məŋᴮ (“trunk (of a tree); firewood”) (Starostin) or Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔmuk (“stump (of a tree)”) (Schuessler, 2007).
The common Sino-Tibetan root for “tree; wood” is *siŋ ~ sik, represented by 薪 (OC *siŋ, “firewood”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): muk6
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): muk
- Northern Min (KCR): mù
- Eastern Min (BUC): mŭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5moq
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mù
- Wade–Giles: mu4
- Yale: mù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muh
- Palladius: му (mu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: muk6
- Yale: muhk
- Cantonese Pinyin: muk9
- Guangdong Romanization: mug6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mʊk̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: muk
- Hakka Romanization System: mug`
- Hagfa Pinyim: mug5
- Sinological IPA: /muk̚²/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mù
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu⁴²/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: mŭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /muʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- ba̍k - vernacular;
- bo̍k - literary.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 木 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /mu⁵¹/ |
Harbin | /mu⁵³/ | |
Tianjin | /mu⁵³/ | |
Jinan | /mu²¹/ | |
Qingdao | /mu⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /mu²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /mu²¹/ | |
Xining | /mv̩⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /mu¹³/ | |
Lanzhou | /mu¹³/ | |
Ürümqi | /mu²¹³/ | |
Wuhan | /mu²¹³/ /moŋ²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /mu³¹/ /mu¹³/ | |
Guiyang | /mu²¹/ | |
Kunming | /mu³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /muʔ⁵/ | |
Hefei | /məʔ⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /məʔ²/ |
Pingyao | /mʌʔ⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /mu⁵⁵/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /moʔ¹/ |
Suzhou | /moʔ³/ | |
Hangzhou | /moʔ²/ | |
Wenzhou | /mu²¹³/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /mɔ²²/ |
Tunxi | /mo¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /mo²⁴/ |
Xiangtan | /mo²⁴/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /muʔ⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /muk̚¹/ |
Taoyuan | /muk̚²²/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mok̚²/ |
Nanning | /muk̚²²/ | |
Hong Kong | /muk̚²/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /bɔk̚⁵/ /bak̚⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /muʔ⁵/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /mu⁴²/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /bak̚⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /mok̚³/ /vak̚³/ |
- Middle Chinese: muwk
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤok/
- (Zhengzhang): /*moːɡ/
Definitions
- † tree
- Template:zh-syn
- 樹木/树木 ― shùmù ― tree
- wood; timber
- wooden
- simple; plain; slow; emotionless
- † coffin
- (Mandarin, neologism, slang) Eye dialect spelling of 沒/没.
- 有木有 ― yǒumùyǒu ― innit, damn right
- numb
- 麻木 ― mámù ― numb, insensitive
Compounds
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Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: もく (moku, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: ぼく (boku, Jōyō)
- Kun: き (ki, 木, Jōyō); こ (ko, 木, Jōyō †)
- Nanori: ぐ (gu); しげ (shige); も (mo); もと (moto)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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木 |
き Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
Alternative spelling |
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樹 |
⟨ki2⟩ → */kɨ/ → /ki/
From Old Japanese 木 (ki2), from Proto-Japonic *kəy. Cognate with Proto-Ryukyuan *ke, whence Southern Amami Ōshima けぃー (kʰɨː), Okinawan きー (kiː), Kunigami きー (kʰiː), Miyako きー (kiː), Yaeyama きー (kiː) and Yonaguni きー (kʰiː).
Likely developed from fusion of older form 木 (ko, see below) + い (i, emphatic nominative particle), similar to the sound changes at work in 神 (kamu → kami, “Shinto deity”).[1]
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a tree or shrub
- wood, timber, lumber
- (graph theory, computer science) a tree (data structure)
- (theater, sumo, etc.) a clapper used to signal the opening or closing of a match or play
Idioms
- 猿も木から落ちる (saru mo ki kara ochiru, “even monkeys fall from trees → even experts make mistakes”)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
木 |
こ Grade: 1 |
kun'yomi |
⟨ko2⟩ → */kə/ → /ko/
From Old Japanese 木 (ko2), from Proto-Japonic *kə.
Likely the original form of ki above. Obsolete in modern Japanese, never found in isolation; only found in compounds and certain idioms.[1]
Pronunciation
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Noun
- Combining form of き (ki) above
Derived terms
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
木 |
もく Grade: 1 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 木 (MC muwk). The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the original borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Compare modern Cantonese 木 (muk6).
Alternative forms
- (wood grain): 杢
Pronunciation
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Noun
Derived terms
- 木綿 (momen)
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
木 |
ぼく Grade: 1 |
kan'on |
From Middle Chinese 木 (MC muwk). The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Compare literary Min Nan 木 (bo̍k).
Pronunciation
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Noun
- a tree; more specifically, a living tree
- the bent and gnarled trunk or roots of an old tree
- wood, lumber
- something made of wood
- in ancient China, a wooden musical instrument
Adjective
木 • (boku) -na (adnominal 木な (boku na), adverbial 木に (boku ni))
- (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's character or behavior
- (derogatory) wooden, as of a person's mental abilities: blockheaded, stupid, dimwitted
Inflection
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | 木だろ | ぼくだろ | boku daro |
Continuative (連用形) | 木で | ぼくで | boku de |
Terminal (終止形) | 木だ | ぼくだ | boku da |
Attributive (連体形) | 木な | ぼくな | boku na |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | 木なら | ぼくなら | boku nara |
Imperative (命令形) | 木であれ | ぼくであれ | boku de are |
Key constructions | |||
Informal negative | 木ではない 木じゃない |
ぼくではない ぼくじゃない |
boku de wa nai boku ja nai |
Informal past | 木だった | ぼくだった | boku datta |
Informal negative past | 木ではなかった 木じゃなかった |
ぼくではなかった ぼくじゃなかった |
boku de wa nakatta boku ja nakatta |
Formal | 木です | ぼくです | boku desu |
Formal negative | 木ではありません 木じゃありません |
ぼくではありません ぼくじゃありません |
boku de wa arimasen boku ja arimasen |
Formal past | 木でした | ぼくでした | boku deshita |
Formal negative past | 木ではありませんでした 木じゃありませんでした |
ぼくではありませんでした ぼくじゃありませんでした |
boku de wa arimasen deshita boku ja arimasen deshita |
Conjunctive | 木で | ぼくで | boku de |
Conditional | 木なら(ば) | ぼくなら(ば) | boku nara (ba) |
Provisional | 木だったら | ぼくだったら | boku dattara |
Volitional | 木だろう | ぼくだろう | boku darō |
Adverbial | 木に | ぼくに | boku ni |
Degree | 木さ | ぼくさ | bokusa |
References
Korean
Hanja
Old Japanese
Etymology 1
From Proto-Japonic *kəy. Compare Middle Chinese 紀 (MC kiX).
Likely developed from fusion of older form 木 (ko2, see below) + い (i(2), emphatic nominative particle), similar to the sound changes at work in 神 (kamu → kami2, “Shinto deity”).[1]
Noun
木 (ki2) (kana き)
Descendants
- Japanese: 木 (ki)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Japonic *kə. Compare Middle Chinese 許 (MC xjoX).
Likely the original form of ⟨ki2⟩ above. Never found in isolation.[1]
Noun
木 (ko2) (kana こ)
- Combining form of キ乙 (ki2) above
Derived terms
Descendants
- Japanese: 木 (ko)
Etymology 3
Analysis in the Nihon Shoki (720 CE) shows that this variation of ⟨ki2⟩ is not limited to Eastern dialects.
Noun
木 (ke2) (kana け)
- (regional, Northern Eastern Old Japanese, Southern Eastern Old Japanese) Same as キ乙 (ki2) above
- , text here
- 麻都能氣乃奈美多流美礼波伊波妣等乃和例乎美於久流等多多理之母己呂
- matu no2 ke2 no2 nami1taru mi1reba ipabi1to2 no2 ware wo mi1okuru to2 tatari si moko2ro2
- Looking at the pine trees all in a row, they were just like the people from the household standing to see me off
- , text here
Derived terms
References
Vietnamese
Han character
木: Hán Việt readings: mộc (
木: Nôm readings: mọc[1][2][3][4][5], mốc[1][2][3][4][5], mộc[1][2][3][5], móc[1][3][4][5], mục[3][4][5], chúc[2]
Compounds
References
- Han character radicals
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han script characters
- Han pictograms
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese hanzi
- Mandarin hanzi
- Cantonese hanzi
- Hakka hanzi
- Northern Min hanzi
- Eastern Min hanzi
- Hokkien hanzi
- Teochew hanzi
- Wu hanzi
- Middle Chinese hanzi
- Old Chinese hanzi
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Middle Chinese nouns
- Old Chinese nouns
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Hakka adjectives
- Northern Min adjectives
- Eastern Min adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Teochew adjectives
- Wu adjectives
- Middle Chinese adjectives
- Old Chinese adjectives
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese terms spelled with 木
- Chinese terms with obsolete senses
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Mandarin Chinese
- Chinese neologisms
- Chinese slang
- Chinese eye dialect
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese kanji
- Japanese first grade kanji
- Japanese kyōiku kanji
- Japanese jōyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading もく
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ぼく
- Japanese kanji with kun reading き
- Japanese kanji with kun reading こ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ぐ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading しげ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading も
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading もと
- Japanese terms spelled with 木 read as き
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with first grade kanji
- Japanese terms with 1 kanji
- Japanese terms spelled with 木
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- ja:Graph theory
- ja:Computer science
- ja:Theater
- ja:Sumo
- Japanese terms spelled with 木 read as こ
- Japanese terms spelled with 木 read as もく
- Japanese terms read with goon
- Japanese terms derived from Middle Chinese
- Japanese short forms
- Japanese terms spelled with 木 read as ぼく
- Japanese terms read with kan'on
- Japanese adjectives
- Japanese な-na adjectives
- Japanese derogatory terms
- Japanese basic words
- ja:Trees
- Korean lemmas
- Korean hanja
- Hanja readings
- ko:Days of the week
- Old Japanese terms inherited from Proto-Japonic
- Old Japanese terms derived from Proto-Japonic
- Old Japanese lemmas
- Old Japanese nouns
- Regional Old Japanese
- Old Japanese terms with usage examples
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom
- CJKV radicals