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LittleWhole (talk | contribs) て/で is kind of redundant as -で is onbin from 連用形 + て |
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* In formal writing, {{ja-r|て}} is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' is used for all but the last action or state, and {{ja-r|いる}} (which becomes {{ja-r|い}}) is replaced by {{ja-r|おり}}. |
* In formal writing, {{ja-r|て}} is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' is used for all but the last action or state, and {{ja-r|いる}} (which becomes {{ja-r|い}}) is replaced by {{ja-r|おり}}. |
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*: {{ja-usex-inline|姉がピアノを弾き、妹が歌を歌う。|あね が ピアノ を ひき、 いもうと が うた を うたう。|{{q|formal}} The elder sister plays piano '''and''' the younger sister sings songs.}} |
*: {{ja-usex-inline|姉がピアノを弾き、妹が歌を歌う。|あね が ピアノ を ひき、 いもうと が うた を うたう。|{{q|formal}} The elder sister plays piano '''and''' the younger sister sings songs.}} |
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* Even though both the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' form and the {{ja-r|て}}/{{ja-r|で}} form connect clauses together, they are usually not interchangeable and they each serve specific grammatical purposes. These purposes are as follows: |
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** When two verbs are closely related in context, {{ja-r|て}} must be used. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|デパートへ'''行って'''、'''買い物をする'''|デパート へ '''いって'''、'''かいもの を する'''|I'll '''go''' to the department store '''and''' do some '''shopping'''.}} |
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** When two verbs are both controllable in nature, {{ja-r|て}} must be used. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|友達に'''会って'''、休みのことを'''尋ねる'''|ともだち に '''あって'''、やすみ の こと を '''たずねる'''|I'll '''meet''' my friend '''and ask''' about their holiday.}} |
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** When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature, {{ja-r|て}} must be used. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|地震で地面がすごい'''揺れて'''、'''立たなかった'''|じしん で じめん が すごい '''ゆれて'''、'''たたなかった'''|The ground '''shook''' so much in the earthquake '''that''' I '''couldn't stand up'''.}} |
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** When two verbs are not directly related but happen over a shared period of time, the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' form must be used. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|彼らは日本で'''生まれ'''、日本の学校で'''勉強した'''|かれら は にほん で '''うまれ'''、にほん の がっこう で '''べんきょうした'''|They were '''born''' in Japan '''and studied''' at a Japanese school.}} |
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** When one verb is controllable while the other verb is uncontrollable, the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' form must be used. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|雨が'''降り'''、傘を'''使った'''|あめ が '''ふり'''、かさ を '''つかった'''|It '''rained, so''' I '''used''' an umbrella.}} |
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** If extra information is included between two verbs, then the ''{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}}'' form and {{ja-r|て}} will become interchangeable. |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|冷蔵庫を'''開けて'''、下の棚の右に人参が'''取って'''くれない？|れいぞうこ を '''あけて'''、した の たな の みぎ に にんじん が '''とって'''くれない？|Can you '''open the fridge''' and '''get''' me the carrots from the lower right shelf?}} |
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**: {{ja-usex-inline|冷蔵庫を'''開け'''、下の棚の右に人参が'''取って'''くれない？|れいぞうこ を '''あけ'''、した の たな の みぎ に にんじん が '''とって'''くれない？|Can you '''open the fridge''' and '''get''' me the carrots from the lower right shelf?}}<ref>{{cite-book |last1=Makino |first1=Seiichi |last2=Tsutsui |first2=Michio |date=January 1, 1989 |title=A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar |edition=1st |location=5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan |publisher=The Japan Times |pages=464-467 |chapter=Main Entries: -te て |isbn=9784789004541}}</ref><ref>{{cite-book |last1=Makino |first1=Seiichi |last2=Tsutsui |first2=Michio |date=January 1, 1995 |title=A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar |edition=1st |location=5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan |publisher=The Japan Times |pages=556-560 |chapter=Main Entries: Vmasu |isbn=9784789007757}}</ref> |
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* This word is classified as {{m|ja|助詞|tr=joshi||auxiliary word; particle}} in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]], and “{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}} + {{ja-r|て}}” is usually called the '''gerund''', a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as the ''{{w|Arte da Lingoa de Iapam}}''<ref>{{cite-book|author=Frellesvig, Bjarke|title=A History of the Japanese Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-65320-6|page=57}}</ref> and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called the {{l|ja|テ形|tr=-te kei|t=''-te'' form}}. |
* This word is classified as {{m|ja|助詞|tr=joshi||auxiliary word; particle}} in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is an [[inflectional]] [[suffix]], and “{{ll|ja|連用形|ren'yōkei}} + {{ja-r|て}}” is usually called the '''gerund''', a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as the ''{{w|Arte da Lingoa de Iapam}}''<ref>{{cite-book|author=Frellesvig, Bjarke|title=A History of the Japanese Language|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|year=2010|isbn=978-0-521-65320-6|page=57}}</ref> and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called the {{l|ja|テ形|tr=-te kei|t=''-te'' form}}. |
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Revision as of 09:41, 4 September 2021
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Japanese
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Etymology 1
Derived in the Heian period from writing the man'yōgana kanji 天 in the cursive sōsho style.
Pronunciation
Syllable
て (romaji te)
- The hiragana syllable て (te). Its equivalent in katakana is テ (te). It is the nineteenth syllable in the gojūon order; its position is た行え段 (ta-gyō e-dan, “row ta, section e”).
Derived terms
- で (de)
See also
- (Hiragana) 平仮名; あぁ, いぃ, うぅゔ, えぇ, おぉ, かゕが, きぎ, くぐ, けゖげ, こ𛄲 (𛄲)ご, さざ, しじ, すず, せぜ, そぞ, ただ, ちぢ, つっづ, てで, とど, な, に, ぬ, ね, の, はばぱ, ひびぴ, ふぶぷ, へべぺ, ほぼぽ, ま, み, む, め, も, やゃ, 𛀆, ゆゅ, 𛀁, よょ, らら゚, りり゚, るる゚, れれ゚, ろろ゚, わゎわ゙, ゐ𛅐 (𛅐)ゐ゙, 𛄟 (𛄟), ゑ𛅑 (𛅑)ゑ゙, を𛅒 (𛅒)を゙, ん, ー, ゝ, ゞ, ゟ
Etymology 2
From the ren'yōkei of the classical auxiliary verb つ (tsu).
Pronunciation
Particle
- A conjunctive particle, attaching to the ren'yōkei of verbs and adjectives. When attached to godan verbs, onbin sound changes may occur, sometimes changing the particle into で (-de).
- Simply indicates actions or states that occur simultaneously.
- 大きくて甘いリンゴ
- ōkikute amai ringo
- a big, sweet apple
- 姉がピアノを弾いて妹が歌を歌う。
- Ane ga piano o hiite imōto ga uta o utau.
- The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.
- 大きくて甘いリンゴ
- Indicates actions or states that occur successively.
- 家に帰って、テレビを見た。
- Ie ni kaette, terebi o mita.
- I went back home and watched TV.
- 家に帰って、テレビを見た。
- Indicates reason or cause.
- 風邪を引いて、学校を休んだ。
- Kaze o hiite, gakkō o yasunda.
- I didn't go to school because I caught a cold.
- 風邪を引いて、学校を休んだ。
- Used as a contrastive conjunction.
- 見て見ぬふり ― mite minu furi ― saw but pretended not to see → turn a blind eye
- 知っていて教えない
- shitte ite oshienai
- to know something but not to tell it
- Indicates method or state.
- 喜んで一日を過ごした。
- Yorokonde ichinichi o sugoshita.
- I spend the day happily.
- 喜んで一日を過ごした。
- Followed by hojodōshi (subsidiary verbs, corresponding to auxiliary verbs in western languages) such as いる (iru), ある (aru), やる (yaru), くれる (kureru), あげる (ageru), もらう (morau), おく (oku), くる (kuru), いく (iku), etc., to make their complement.
- 日本語を勉強している。
- Nihongo o benkyō shite iru.
- I'm learning Japanese.
- 机の上に置いてある。
- Tsukue no ue ni oite aru.
- It's put on the desk.
- 日本語を勉強している。
- Used in the form …て…て (… te … te) to show emphasis or repetition.
- ては (-te wa) and ても (-te mo) make conditional clauses.
- Simply indicates actions or states that occur simultaneously.
- A sentence-final particle, derived from the conjunctive particle above. Attaches to verbs and adjectives in the same way, and usually takes the form って when attaching to adjectives. Considered quite feminine.
- Used to seek opinion or ask a question.
- もうご覧になって？
- Mō goran ni natte?
- Have you seen it?
- よろしくって？
- Yoroshikutte?
- Is it OK?
- もうご覧になって？
- Indicates the speaker's opinion or judgment. Usually followed by よ (yo).
- お手紙ちょうだいね。待っててよ
- O-tegami chōdai ne. Matte te yo
- Please send me a letter. I'm waiting.
- お手紙ちょうだいね。待っててよ
- Short for てください (-te kudasai) or てくれ (-te kure): makes a light command or request. Usually followed by よ (yo) or ね (ne).
- 助けて！
- Tasukete!
- Help!
- ちょっと待って
- chotto matte
- Wait a minute.
- いつか、私を助けてね
- itsuka, watashi o tasukete ne
- Help me someday, okay?
- 助けて！
- Used to seek opinion or ask a question.
- Alternative form of the case, binding or sentence-final particle って (tte), used after the /ɴ/ sound.
- こまちゃんて言うな――!!
- Koma-chan te iuna――!!
- Don't call me Koma-chan!
- こまちゃんて言うな――!!
Usage notes
Inflection rules for the て form
| non-accented [0] word | dictionary form | -te form | accented [-2] word | dictionary form | -te form |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| godan verbs (type 1) | |||||
| 聞く | きく (kìkú) | きいて (kìíté) | 書く | かく (káꜜkù) | かいて (káꜜìtè) |
| 嗅ぐ | かぐ (kàgú) | かいで (kàídé) | 泳ぐ | およぐ (òyóꜜgù) | およいで (òyóꜜìdè) |
| 貸す | かす (kàsú) | かして (kàshíté) かいて (kàíté) (dialectal) |
話す | はなす (hànáꜜsù) | はなして (hànáꜜshìtè) はないて (hànáꜜìtè) (dialectal) |
| 取り持つ | とりもつ (tòrímótsú) | とりもって (tòrímótté) | 立つ | たつ (táꜜtsù) | たって (táꜜttè) |
| 死ぬ | しぬ (shìnú) | しんで (shìńdé) | 凍え死ぬ | こごえしぬ (kògóéshíꜜnù) | こごえしんで (kògóéshíꜜǹdè) |
| 呼ぶ | よぶ (yòbú) | よんで (yòńdé) ようで (yòódé) (dialectal) |
選ぶ | えらぶ (èráꜜbù) | えらんで (èráꜜǹdè) えろうで (èróꜜòdè) (dialectal, historically えらうで) |
| 望む | のぞむ (nòzómú) | のぞんで (nòzóńdé) のぞうで (nòzóódé) (dialectal) |
読む | よむ (yóꜜmù) | よんで (yóꜜǹdè) ようで (yóꜜòdè) (dialectal) |
| 終わる | おわる (òwárú) | おわって (òwátté) | 作る | つくる (tsùkúꜜrù) | つくって (tsùkúꜜttè) |
| 言う | いう (ìú) ゆう (yùú) |
いって (ìtté) ゆって (yùtté) ゆうて (yùúté) (Kansai, historically いうて) |
会う | あう (áꜜù) | あって (áꜜttè) おうて (óꜜòtè) (Kansai, historically あうて) |
| 追う | おう (òú) | おって (òtté) おうて (òóté) (Kansai) |
食う | くう (kúꜜù) | くって (kúꜜttè) くうて (kúꜜùtè) (Kansai) |
| kami ichidan verbs (type 2a) | |||||
| 似る | にる (nìrú) | にて (nìté) | 見る | みる (míꜜrù) | みて (míꜜtè) |
| 借りる | かりる (kàrírú) | かりて (kàríté) | 生きる | いきる (ìkíꜜrù) | いきて (íꜜkìtè) |
| 感じる | かんじる (kàńjírú) | かんじて (kàńjíté) | 用いる | もちいる (mòchííꜜrù) | もちいて (mòchíꜜìtè) |
| shimo ichidan verbs (type 2b) | |||||
| 寝る | ねる (nèrú) | ねて (nèté) | 出る | でる (déꜜrù) | でて (déꜜtè) |
| 開ける | あける (àkérú) | あけて (àkété) | 食べる | たべる (tàbéꜜrù) | たべて (táꜜbètè) |
| 忘れる | わすれる (wàsúrérú) | わすれて (wàsúrété) | 助ける | たすける (tàsúkéꜜrù) | たすけて (tàsúꜜkètè) |
| 憧れる | あこがれる (àkógárérú) | あこがれて (àkógárété) | 訪れる | おとずれる (òtózúréꜜrù) | おとずれて (òtózúꜜrètè) |
| irregular verbs (type 3) | |||||
| する | する (sùrú) | して (shìté) | 来る | くる (kúꜜrù) | きて (kíꜜtè) |
| adjectives | |||||
| 重い | おもい (òmóí) | おもくて (òmóꜜkùtè) | 高い | たかい (tàkáꜜì) | たかくて (táꜜkàkùtè) たかくて (tàkáꜜkùtè) |
(Part of the accent information comes from the Online Japanese Accent Dictionary.)
- In Standard Japanese the -te form of 行く (iku, “to go”) is 行って (itte).
- The Kansai forms are also literary. In Standard Japanese they are mandatory for the two verbs 問う (tou, “to ask”) and 請う (kou, “to beg”).
- When the て (te) indicates method or state, ない (nai) + て (te) becomes ないで (naide) instead of the regular なくて (nakute):
- ご飯を食べなくて出た ― gohan o tabenakute deta ― I didn't eat and I went out.
- ご飯を食べないで出た ― gohan o tabenaide deta ― I went out without eating.
- In formal writing, て (te) is not used when simply indicating a series of actions or states. Instead, the ren'yōkei is used for all but the last action or state, and いる (iru) (which becomes い (i)) is replaced by おり (ori).
- 姉がピアノを弾き、妹が歌を歌う。 ― ane ga piano o hiki, imōto ga uta o utau. ― (formal) The elder sister plays piano and the younger sister sings songs.
- Even though both the ren'yōkei form and the て (te)/で (de) form connect clauses together, they are usually not interchangeable and they each serve specific grammatical purposes. These purposes are as follows:
- When two verbs are closely related in context, て (te) must be used.
- デパートへ行って、買い物をする ― depāto e itte,kaimono o suru ― I'll go to the department store and do some shopping.
- When two verbs are both controllable in nature, て (te) must be used.
- 友達に会って、休みのことを尋ねる ― tomodachi ni atte, yasumi no koto o tazuneru ― I'll meet my friend and ask about their holiday.
- When two verbs are both uncontrollable in nature, て (te) must be used.
- 地震で地面がすごい揺れて、立たなかった ― jishin de jimen ga sugoi yurete,tatanakatta ― The ground shook so much in the earthquake that I couldn't stand up.
- When two verbs are not directly related but happen over a shared period of time, the ren'yōkei form must be used.
- 彼らは日本で生まれ、日本の学校で勉強した ― karera wa nihon de umare, nihon no gakkō de benkyōshita ― They were born in Japan and studied at a Japanese school.
- When one verb is controllable while the other verb is uncontrollable, the ren'yōkei form must be used.
- 雨が降り、傘を使った ― ame ga furi, kasa o tsukatta ― It rained, so I used an umbrella.
- If extra information is included between two verbs, then the ren'yōkei form and て (te) will become interchangeable.
- 冷蔵庫を開けて、下の棚の右に人参が取ってくれない？ ― reizōko o akete, shita no tana no migi ni ninjin ga tottekurenai? ― Can you open the fridge and get me the carrots from the lower right shelf?
- 冷蔵庫を開け、下の棚の右に人参が取ってくれない？ ― reizōko o ake, shita no tana no migi ni ninjin ga tottekurenai? ― Can you open the fridge and get me the carrots from the lower right shelf?[1][2]
- When two verbs are closely related in context, て (te) must be used.
- This word is classified as 助詞 (joshi, “auxiliary word; particle”) in traditional Japanese grammar. In modern linguistics, it is an inflectional suffix, and “ren'yōkei + て (te)” is usually called the gerund, a term used for subordinate adverbial verb forms in the description of many languages such as Dutch, Italian and Russian. For Japanese this nomenclature is found first in the works of Portuguese missionaries such as the Arte da Lingoa de Iapam[3] and continues to be used to this day. In Japanese materials adopting the modern linguistic analysis, this form is simply called the テ形 (-te kei, “-te form”).
Etymology 3
| For pronunciation and definitions of て – see the following entry. | ||
| ||
| (This term, て (te), is the hiragana spelling of the above term.) For a list of all kanji read as て, see Category:Japanese kanji read as て.) |
References
- ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1989 January 1) “Main Entries: -te て”, in A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 464-467
- ^ Makino, Seiichi, Tsutsui, Michio (1995 January 1) “Main Entries: Vmasu”, in A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar, 1st edition, 5-4, Shibaura 4-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0023, Japan: The Japan Times, →ISBN, pages 556-560
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 57