母
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
母 (Kangxi radical 80, 毋+1, 5 strokes, cangjie input 田卜戈 (WYI), four-corner 77500, composition ⿻⿻𠃋𠃌⿻⺀一)
Derived characters
Related characters
- 毋 (See glyph origin)
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 588, character 25
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 16723
- Dae Jaweon: page 980, character 32
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2380, character 3
- Unihan data for U+6BCD
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
母 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 母 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
|
|
|
|
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
| 海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
| 毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
| 呣 | *mɯ |
| 拇 | *mɯʔ |
| 母 | *mɯʔ |
| 胟 | *mɯʔ |
| 姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
| 畮 | *mɯʔ |
| 踇 | *mɯʔ |
| 苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
| 莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
| 敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
| 鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
| 毋 | *ma |
| 梅 | *mɯː |
| 酶 | *mɯː |
| 鋂 | *mɯː |
| 每 | *mɯːʔ |
| 毎 | *mɯːs |
| 痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
| 晦 | *hmɯːs |
| 誨 | *hmɯːs |
| 悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
| 霉 | *mrɯl |
Pictogram (象形) : a woman with breasts with nipples kneeling or standing. In modern form turned on left side. Compare 女 (OC *naʔ, *nas, “woman”), which has developed similarly, but does not include dots for nipples and has lost one breast in the modern form.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mow (“woman, female”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mu3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): му (mu, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): mu3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): mu2
- Northern Min (KCR): mǔ
- Eastern Min (BUC): mō̤ / mū
- Southern Min
- Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): 6mu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mo3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄨˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mǔ
- Wade–Giles: mu3
- Yale: mǔ
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: muu
- Palladius: му (mu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: mu3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mu
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: му (mu, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mou⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mou5
- Yale: móuh
- Cantonese Pinyin: mou5
- Guangdong Romanization: mou5
- Sinological IPA (key): /mou̯¹³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: mu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbu²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: mu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: mû
- Hakka Romanization System: mu´
- Hagfa Pinyim: mu1
- Sinological IPA: /mu²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: mu2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /mu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mǔ
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: mō̤ / mū
- Sinological IPA (key): /mo³³/, /mu³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- mō̤ - “female; capital; suffix”;
- mū - “mother”.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bó
- Tâi-lô: bó
- Phofsit Daibuun: boir
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /bɤ⁴¹/
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Taipei): /bo⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bó͘
- Tâi-lô: bóo
- Phofsit Daibuun: bor
- IPA (Xiamen, Yilan): /bɔ⁵³/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /bɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Taichung)
- Xiamen:
- bú - vernacular;
- bó͘ - literary.
- Quanzhou:
- bú, bó͘ - vernacular;
- bió - literary.
- Zhangzhou:
- bú - vernacular;
- bó - literary.
- Taiwan:
- bó - vernacular;
- bió/bó͘, bú - literary.
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 母 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /mu²¹⁴/ |
| Harbin | /mu²¹³/ | |
| Tianjin | /mu¹³/ | |
| Jinan | /mu⁵⁵/ | |
| Qingdao | /mu⁵⁵/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Xi'an | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Xining | /mv̩⁵³/ | |
| Yinchuan | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /mu⁴⁴²/ | |
| Ürümqi | /mu⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /mu⁴²/ /moŋ⁴²/ | |
| Chengdu | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Guiyang | /mu⁴²/ | |
| Kunming | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Nanjing | /mu²¹²/ | |
| Hefei | /mʊ²⁴/ /məŋ²⁴/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /mu⁵³/ |
| Pingyao | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Hohhot | /mu⁵³/ ～的 /məʔ⁰/ 外～娘 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /mu²³/ /m̩²³/ |
| Suzhou | /mo⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /mu⁵³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /mu³⁵/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /mɔ³⁵/ /m̩³⁵/ |
| Tunxi | /m̩²⁴/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /mo⁴¹/ |
| Xiangtan | /mo⁴²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /mu²¹³/ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /mu⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /mu²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mou²³/ |
| Nanning | /mu²⁴/ | |
| Hong Kong | /mou¹³/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /bɔ⁵³/ /bu⁵³/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /mo³²/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /mu²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /bo⁵³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /mu²¹³/ /mai²¹³/ 俗 |
- Middle Chinese: muwX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*məʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯʔ/
Definitions
- mother
- Template:zh-syn
- 父母 ― fùmǔ ― father and mother
- 母子 ― mǔzǐ ― mother and son
- (suffix) elderly female relative
- (of animal) female
- Template:zh-syn
- Template:zh-ant
- 母牛 ― mǔniú ― female cow
- pertaining to origin
- 母校 ― mǔxiào ― alma mater
- a surname
Synonyms
Compounds
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Japanese
Kanji
Readings
- Go-on: む (mu); も (mo)
- Kan-on: ぼう (bō)
- Kan’yō-on: ぼ (bo, Jōyō)
- Kun: はは (haha, 母, Jōyō); はわ (hawa, 母); は (ha, 母); あも (amo, 母); おも (omo, 母); かか (kaka, 母); かあ (kā, 母)
Compounds
Usage notes
In isolation, the character 母 has 5 strokes in modern Japanese – it is not simplified. In shinjitai compound characters, such as 毎 or 海, it is simplified to 4 strokes, as 毋. In hyōgaiji characters such as 姆, however, the component is not simplified.
Alternative forms
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| はは Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. /haha/: */papa/ → /fafa/ → /fawa/ → /fafa/ → /haha/
Medial /f/ [ɸ] regularly changes to /w/ [ɰᵝ], resulting in /fawa/ → /hawa/, the expected final form; see hawa below. This form first appears in the Heian period. However, likely due to spelling influence or reduplication associations, the earlier /fafa/ resurfaced in the late 16th century towards the end of the Muromachi period, with both forms seen until recent times, when hawa falls into disuse.[1] Initial /f-/ [ɸ] regularly becomes [h], resulting in modern [ha̠ha̠].
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (humble) mother
- 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1, page 116:
- 母 尔雅云、母爲妣、卑履反、去聲之重、和名波々、日本紀私記云、以路波
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 196:
- Fafa. l, faua. ハハ. または、ハワ(母) 母.
Usage notes
Only ever used to refer to one's own mother when speaking to someone else. Still widely used in modern Japanese.
Antonyms
Derived terms
- 母上 (hahaue, “mother (when addressing one's own mother)”)
- 母親 (hahaoya, “mother”)
- 母方 (hahakata, “a relative on one's mother's side”)
- 母君 (hahagimi, “mother (when addressing one's own mother; more honorific than 母上)”)
- 母子 (hahako, “mother and child”)
- 母御 (hahago, “mother (when addressing someone else's mother)”)
- 母御前 (hahagozen, “mother (when addressing someone else's mother)”)
- 母島 (Hahajima, “the main island of the Ogasawara Islands”)
- 母者 (hahaja, “a person who is a mother: a term of endearment”)
- 母者人 (hahaja hito, “a person who is a mother: a term of endearment”)
- 母刀自 (hahatoji, “mother (honorific)”)
- 母の日 (Haha no Hi, “Mother's Day”)
- 母御息所 (haha miyasudokoro, “an imperial concubine or other female member of the imperial household who is also a mother”)
- 母物 (hahamono, “a book, play, or other entertainment in which motherly love is a central theme”)
- 生みの母 (umi no haha), 産みの母 (umi no haha, “birth mother”)
- 国の母 (kuni no haha, “emperor's mother; (figuratively) the mother of the country”)
- 代理母 (dairi haha, “foster mother”)
- 父母 (chichi haha, “one's own parents”)
- 父母 (tete haha, “one's own parents (uncommon)”)
- 法師が母 (Hōshi ga Haha, “the title of a 狂言 (kyōgen), a short farcical performance played as an intermission in a noh play”)
- 瞼の母 (mabuta no haha, “the image of one's mother in dreams or memory, such as when one's mother is far away or has passed away”)
- 継母 (mamahaha, “stepmother, foster mother”)
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| はわ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. See etymology for haha above for details.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (humble) mother
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 213:
- Faua. ハワ (母) 母親.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 196:
- Fafa. l, faua. ハハ. または、ハワ(母) 母.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 71:
- Caca. カカ (かか) Faua (母)に同じ. 母. これは子供の言葉である. また、尊敬すべき婦人、あるいは、年長で一家の主婦のような婦人の意に取られる.
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 60:
- Bogui. ボギ (母儀) Faua (母)に同じ. 母.
Usage notes
Obsolete in mainstream Japanese. May persist in dialects.
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| は Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Possibly an abbreviation of haha, or possibly the original form.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (obsolete) mother
- 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 1, page 116:
- 母 尔雅云、母爲妣、卑履反、去聲之重、和名波々、日本紀私記云、以路波
Usage notes
Not found in isolation, only found in compounds. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese.
Derived terms
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| あも Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese. Already falling into disuse by the writing of the Man'yōshū in 759, where it is only found in pieces written in eastern dialects.[1] Possibly cognate with Korean 엄마 (eomma, “mother”), 어머니 (eomeoni, “mother”).
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (obsolete) mother
-
- 多妣由岐尓 由久等之良受弖 阿母志々尓 己等麻乎佐受弖 伊麻叙久夜之氣
-
- 阿母刀自母 多麻尓母賀母夜 伊多太伎弖 美都良乃奈可尓 阿敝麻可麻久母
-
- 都久比夜波 須具波由氣等毛 阿母志々可 多麻乃須我多波 和須例西奈布母
-
- 都乃久尓乃 宇美能奈伎佐尓 布奈餘曽比 多志埿毛等伎尓 阿母我米母我母
-
Derived terms
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| おも Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese. Obsolete and unused in modern Japanese. Appears to be an alteration from amo above.
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (obsolete) mother
-
- 和加々都乃 以都母等夜奈枳 以都母々々々 於母加古比須々 奈理麻之都之母
-
- 可良己呂武 須宗尓等里都伎 奈苦古良乎 意伎弖曽伎怒也 意母奈之尓志弖
-
- 知波夜布留 賀美乃美佐賀尓 奴佐麻都里 伊波布伊能知波 意毛知々我多米
-
- a woman who breastfeeds and raises a child in place of a parent: a wet nurse
-
- 緑児之 為社乳母者 求云 乳飲哉君之 於毛求覧
-
Derived terms
- 母父 (omochichi, “one's parents”)
- 母調子 (omo chōshi, “the main or thematic key in a piece of 雅楽 (gagaku) music”)
- 母刀自 (omotoji, “mother (honorific)”)
- 母同胞 (omoharakara, “a sibling from the same mother”)
- 母屋 (omoya), 母家 (omoya, “main residence in a manor; main or central building in a palace; main household in an extended family; main store in a chain”)
- 母良 (omora, “in ancient times, a woman serving at the Ise Grand Shrine”)
Synonyms
Etymology 6
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| かか Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Unknown. One theory holds that this is a corrupted and abbreviated form of 御方様 (okatasama), a term to refer to or address someone else's wife (now extremely formal, but much more everyday in the Edo period), possibly influenced by children's speech:
/okatasama/ → /katasama/ → /kakasama/ → /kaka/
Pronunciation
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Noun
- (childish) mommy, mummy
- 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 71:
- Caca. カカ (かか) Faua (母)に同じ. 母. これは子供の言葉である. また、尊敬すべき婦人、あるいは、年長で一家の主婦のような婦人の意に取られる.
- (obsolete) wife
- Seen in the Edo period among the lower socioeconomic classes. Used to refer both to one's own wife when talking to others, and to refer to someone else's wife.[1]
Derived terms
- 御母様 (okakasama, “mother; someone else's wife”)
- お母さん (okkasan, “formerly one of the most common terms for “mother”, now considered somewhat archaic”)
- お母さん (okāsan, “one of the most common terms for “mother” in modern language”)
- 母様 (kakasama, “mother; someone else's wife (less formal)”)
- 母さん (kakasan, “mother (children's word)”)
Etymology 7
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 母 |
| かあ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Alteration of kaka[1]: /kaka/ → /-kka/ → /kaː/
Pronunciation
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Noun
Usage notes
Almost never seen in isolation. Most commonly seen with honorific prefix o- and honorific suffix -san, as お母さん (okāsan).
Derived terms
- 母さん (kāsan) (informal form of address; would only be used when addressing one's own mother)
- 母ちゃん (kāchan) (childish, informal form of address; used when addressing one's own mother)
- お母 (okā) (informal form of address; would only be used when addressing one's own mother)
- お母さん (okāsan) (most common term; could be used to address or refer to one's own mother, or to refer to someone else's mother)
References
Korean
Hanja
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
Vietnamese
Han character
母: Hán Việt readings: mẫu[1][2]
母: Nôm readings: mẫu[1][2][3][4], mẹ[5]
References
- Translingual lemmas
- Translingual symbols
- Han script characters
- CJKV radicals
- Han pictograms
- Chinese terms inherited from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Chinese terms derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Mandarin terms with audio links
- Middle Chinese lemmas
- Old Chinese lemmas
- Chinese lemmas
- Mandarin lemmas
- Sichuanese lemmas
- Dungan lemmas
- Cantonese lemmas
- Taishanese lemmas
- Gan lemmas
- Hakka lemmas
- Jin lemmas
- Northern Min lemmas
- Eastern Min lemmas
- Hokkien lemmas
- Teochew lemmas
- Wu lemmas
- Xiang lemmas
- Chinese nouns
- Mandarin nouns
- Sichuanese nouns
- Dungan nouns
- Cantonese nouns
- Taishanese nouns
- Gan nouns
- Hakka nouns
- Jin nouns
- Northern Min nouns
- Eastern Min nouns
- Hokkien nouns
- Teochew nouns
- Wu nouns
- Xiang nouns
- Chinese adjectives
- Mandarin adjectives
- Sichuanese adjectives
- Dungan adjectives
- Cantonese adjectives
- Taishanese adjectives
- Gan adjectives
- Hakka adjectives
- Jin adjectives
- Northern Min adjectives
- Eastern Min adjectives
- Hokkien adjectives
- Teochew adjectives
- Wu adjectives
- Xiang adjectives
- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Chinese Han characters
- Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese surnames
- Elementary Mandarin
- Japanese Han characters
- Grade 2 kanji
- Japanese kanji with goon reading む
- Japanese kanji with goon reading も
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading ぼう
- Japanese kanji with kan'yōon reading ぼ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading はは
- Japanese kanji with kun reading はわ
- Japanese kanji with kun reading は
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あも
- Japanese kanji with kun reading おも
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かか
- Japanese kanji with kun reading かあ
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as はは
- Japanese terms read with kun'yomi
- Japanese terms inherited from Old Japanese
- Japanese terms derived from Old Japanese
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese nouns
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms spelled with second grade kanji
- Japanese terms written with one Han script character
- Japanese terms spelled with 母
- Japanese single-kanji terms
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as はわ
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as は
- Japanese terms with obsolete senses
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as あも
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as おも
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as かか
- Japanese terms with unknown etymologies
- Japanese childish terms
- Japanese terms spelled with 母 read as かあ
- Japanese basic words
- ja:Family
- Korean lemmas
- Korean Han characters
- Vietnamese Chữ Hán
- Vietnamese lemmas
- Vietnamese Han characters
- Vietnamese Nom