華

See also: 华 and 崋

Translingual

Han character

華 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+8 in traditional Chinese, 艸+7 in mainland China and Japanese, 12 strokes in Chinese in traditional Chinese, 10 strokes in mainland China and Japanese, 11 strokes in Korean, cangjie input 廿一廿十 (TMTJ), four-corner 4450₄, composition ⿱艹⿻丅⿱艹二)

Derived characters

𠎑, 嘩(哗), 墷, 嬅(𫰡), 㠏(㟆), 𭘲, 㦊(𫺆), 撶(𫼧), 澕, 璍, 曄(晔), 𦠜, 樺(桦), 燁(烨), 皣, 瞱(𬑓), 𬒢, 䅿, 𬚦, 𧑍, 㒯, 譁, 𨅯, 鏵(铧), 鞾(𫖇), 韡(𮧵), 驊(骅), 𩻮(𫚘), 𫛓, 𪟥, 鷨(𪉊), 𡪤, 曅, 𨶱

Related characters

华 (Simplified Chinese)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1039, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31119
Dae Jaweon: page 1497, character 12
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3213, character 1
Unihan data for U+83EF

Chinese

trad.		華
simp.		华

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 華
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (華) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
鞾	*qʰʷa
華	qʰʷraː, ɡʷraː, *ɡʷraːs
譁	*qʰʷraː
樺	ɡʷraː, ɡʷraːs
嘩	*ɡʷraː
驊	*ɡʷraː
鏵	*ɡʷraː
崋	ɡʷraː, ɡʷraːs

Pictogram (象形) ; this was the original form of 花 (OC *hʷraː, “flower”). In the bronze inscription form, the top part of the glyph resembles flowers of a plant, and the bottom part (于) resembles its stalk and leaves. Also phono-semantic (形聲／形声) , with 于 (OC *ɢʷa) functioning as the phonetic part. In the seal script, 艸 (“grass; plant”) was added as a semantic component.

華 (𦻏) and 𠌶 were initially the same character, but they were erroneously split in Shuowen into two entries.

Pronunciation 1

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Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 華

brilliance; magnificence
(good) times; years; period
young; youthful
literary grace; talent for literature
prestige; status; fame
colourful; brilliant (especially of carvings and decorations)
magnificent; gorgeous; resplendent
delicious; tasty
essence; quintessence
(honorific) your; your honourable
(exalted) Short for 華夏／华夏 (Huáxià): land of illustrious clothing and grand ritual—China; Chinese culture
Short for 漢語／汉语 (Hànyǔ, “Chinese language”).
luxuriant; flourishing; prosperous
noble; influential; eminent
yellow (colour)
pink; rosy
grey (of hair)
flashy; extravagant; showy; ostentatious; florid
(historical) cover of a carriage
fruit (of a cucurbit plant)
(geology) sinter
(chemistry) chemical produced via sublimation
(astronomy) corona; ring of light
(deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 譁／哗 (“noisy”).

Synonyms

(China):

(deprecated template usage)

中 (abbreviation)
中原 (Zhōngyuán)
中國／中国 (Zhōngguó)
中華／中华 (Zhōnghuá)
九州 (Jiǔzhōu)
唐山 (Tángshān)
域中 (yùzhōng) (literary, figurative)
天下 (tiānxià) (lofty)
天朝 (Tiāncháo) (historical or Internet slang)
支那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete, now usually derogatory or offensive)
桃花石 (Táohuāshí) (obsolete)
猜拿 (Cāiná) (transliteration of English China)
神州 (Shénzhōu) (literary)
種花家／种花家 (Zhònghuājiā) (slang, humorous)
脂那 (Zhīnà) (obsolete)
至那 (Zhìnà) (obsolete)
華／华 (abbreviation)
華夏／华夏 (Huáxià)
諸夏／诸夏 (Zhūxià)
諸華／诸华 (Zhūhuá)
赤縣／赤县 (Chìxiàn) (literary)
赤縣神州／赤县神州 (Chìxiàn Shénzhōu) (literary)
震旦 (Zhèndàn) (archaic)

Compounds

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Descendants

Sino-Xenic (華):

→ Japanese: 華(か) (ka)
→ Korean: 화(華) (hwa)
→ Vietnamese: hoa (華)

Pronunciation 2

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huā (hua¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚ
Cantonese (Jyutping): faa¹
Eastern Min (BUC): huă
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹ho

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huā
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: hua
  - Wade–Giles: hua¹
  - Yale: hwā
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hua
  - Palladius: хуа (xua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: faa¹
  - Yale: fā
  - Cantonese Pinyin: faa¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fa¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /faː⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huă
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua⁵⁵/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ¹ho
  - MiniDict: ho^平
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹ho
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ho⁵³/

Middle Chinese: xwae

Rime
Character	華
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼瓜切
Baxter	xwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/hʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/xua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hwaɨ/
Li Rong	/xua/
Wang Li	/xwa/
Bernard Karlgren	/xwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huā
Expected Cantonese Reflex	faa¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʷʰˤra/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華
Reading #	1/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huā
Middle Chinese	‹ xwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*qʷʰˁra/
English	flower (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	華
Reading #	1/3
No.	5308
Phonetic component	華
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	華
Old Chinese	/*qʰʷraː/

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 華

(deprecated template usage) Alternative form of 花 (huā, “flower; blossom”).
to flower; to blossom
(traditional Chinese medicine) flower pulse; weak pulse
to be dim-sighted; to be dazzled
to dissect; to cut up

Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huà (hua⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): waa⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): huá

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huà
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huà
  - Wade–Giles: hua⁴
  - Yale: hwà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huah
  - Palladius: хуа (xua)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: waa⁶
  - Yale: wah
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waa⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wa⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /waː²²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huá
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɑ²¹³/

Middle Chinese: hwaeH

Rime
Character	華
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡化切
Baxter	hwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠua^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣua^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/ɣua^H/
Wang Li	/ɣwa^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huà
Expected Cantonese Reflex	waa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ʷˤra-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡʷraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huà
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ʷˁra-s/
English	[name of a mountain]
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	華
Reading #	3/3
No.	5316
Phonetic component	華
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	摦
Old Chinese	/*ɡʷraːs/
Notes	華山、同崋

Definitions

(deprecated template usage) 華

(～山) Mount Hua (a mountain in Shaanxi)
Original form of 樺／桦 (huà, “birch”).
a surname

Compounds

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Japanese

Kanji

華

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

Go-on: け (ke, Jōyō ^†)^{←け (ke, historical)}^{←くゑ (kwe, ancient)}; げ (ge)^{←げ (ge, historical)}^{←ぐゑ (gwe, ancient)}
Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)^{←くわ (kwa, historical)}
Kun: はな (hana, 華, Jōyō); はなやか (hanayaka, 華やか)
Nanori: あき (aki); てる (teru); は (ha); はる (haru)

Compounds

華夷(かい) (Kai)
華夏(かか) (Kaka)
華翰(かかん) (kakan)
華僑(かきょう) (Kakyō)
華語(かご) (Kago)
華甲(かこう) (kakō)
華字(かじ) (kaji)
華奢(かしゃ) (kasha)
華人(かじん) (Kajin)
華族(かぞく) (kazoku)
華道(かどう) (kadō)
華(か)燭(しょく) (kashoku)
華美(かび) (kabi)
華府(かふ) (Kafu)
華墨(かぼく) (kaboku)
華麗(かれい) (karei)
栄華(えいが) (eiga)
鉛華(えんか) (enka)
月華(げっか) (gekka)
光華(こうか) (kōka)
豪華(ごうか) (gōka)
国華(こっか) (kokka)
詞華(しか) (shika)
精華(せいか) (seika)
中華(ちゅうか) (Chūka)
日華(にっか) (nikka)
拈華(ねんげ) (nenge)
繁華(はんか) (hanka)
浮華(ふか) (fuka)
紛華(ふんか) (funka)
優曇華(うどんげ) (udonge)
香華(こうげ) (kōge), 香華(こうけ) (kōke)
散華(さんげ) (sange)
法華(ほけ) (hoke), 法華(ほっけ) (hokke)
蓮華(れんげ) (renge)
万華(ばんか) (banka)
万華鏡(まんげきょう) (mangekyō)
曼陀羅(まんだら)華(け) (mandarake), 曼陀羅(まんだら)華(げ) (mandarage)
華奢(きゃしゃ) (kyasha)
華盛頓(ワシントン) (Washinton)
由華(ゆか) (Yuka)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
華
か Grade: S
kan'on

/kua/ → /kʷa/ → /ka/

From Middle Chinese 華 (MC hwae).

Pronunciation

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Some dictionaries apparently classify this reading as either goon or kan'yōon.

Noun

華(か) • (ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)^?}

flashiness, showiness
Synonym: 虚飾 (kyoshoku)

Idioms

華(か)を去(さ)り実(じつ)に就(つ)く (ka o sari jitsu ni tsuku)

Proper noun

華(か) • (Ka) ^{←くわ (kwa)^?}

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a male or female given name

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
華
はな Grade: S
kun'yomi

/pana/ → /fana/ → /hana/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

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Noun

華(はな) • (hana)

Alternative spelling of 花 (hana): flower; flower arrangement

a female given name
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References

Korean

Hanja

華 • (hwa) (hangeul 화)

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Vietnamese

Han character

華: Hán Việt readings: hoa (戶(hộ)花(hoa)切(thiết))^[1]^[2]^[3]
華: Nôm readings: hoa^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

chữ Hán form of Hoa (“Hoa people”).

Compounds

華夏 (hoa hạ)

References

[tdcndg-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Nguyễn (2014).

[tdcntd-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).

[gdhn-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Trần (2004).

[taberd-4] Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

華

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

Related characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

Compounds

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

Noun

Idioms

Proper noun

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

Noun

Derived terms

Idioms

Proverbs

Proper noun

References

Korean

Hanja

Vietnamese

Han character

Compounds

References

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