兄
Translingual
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
兄 (Kangxi radical 10, 儿+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input 口竹山 (RHU), four-corner 60210, composition ⿱口儿)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 123, character 9
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1343
- Dae Jaweon: page 259, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 266, character 4
- Unihan data for U+5144
Chinese
| simp. and trad. |
兄 | |
|---|---|---|
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 兄 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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 j20630  j20631  j20632  j20633  j20634  j20635  j20636  j20637  j20638  j20639  j20640  j20641  j20642  j20643  j20644  j20645  j20646  j20647  j20648  j20649  j20650  j20651  j20652  j20653  j20654  j20655  j20656  j20657  j20658  j20659  j20660  j20661  j20662  j20663  j20664  j20665  j20666  j20667  j20668  j20669  j20670  j20671  j20672  j20673  j20674  j20675  j20676  j20677  j20678  j20679  j20680  j20681  j20682  j20683  j20684  j20685  j20686  j20687  j20688  j20689  j20690  j20691  j20692  j20693  j20694  j20695  j20696  j20697  j20698  j20699  j20700  j20701  j20702  j20703  j20704  j20705  j20706  j20707  j20708  j20709  j20710  j20711  j20712  j20713  j20714  j20715  j20716  j20717  j20718  j20719  j20720  j20721  j20722  j20723  j20724  j20725  j20726  j20727  j20728  j20729  j20730  j20731  j20732  j20733  j20734  j20735  j20736  j20737  j20738  j20739  j20740  j20741  j20742  j20743  j20744  b13475  b13476  b13477  b13478  b13479  b13480  b13481  b13482  b13483  b13484  b13485  b13486  b13487  b13488  b13489  b13490  b13491  b13492  b13493  b13494  b13495  b13496  b13497  b13498  b13499  b13500  b13501  b13502  b13504  s06205 Transcribed ancient scripts  L33193  L33194  L10751  L10752  L10753  L10754  L10755  L10756  L10757  L10758  L10759 | ||||
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References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 口 + 儿.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *maŋ (“big; old; elder (brother, uncle)”) (Sagart, 1999; STEDT). Related to 孟 (OC *mraːŋs, “great; eldest brother; first”); see there for more.
Schuessler (2007), instead, connects it to Proto-Lolo-Burmese *ʔwyik (“elder sibling”), which is from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ʔik (“elder brother”).
Alternatively, Benedict (1972) relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bʷaŋ ~ *pʷaŋ (“(paternal) uncle; elder brother”), which is possibly also related to 伯 (OC *praːɡ, “paternal uncle; eldest brother”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xiong1
- Cantonese (Jyutping): hing1
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hiûng
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄥ
- Tongyong Pinyin: syong
- Wade–Giles: hsiung1
- Yale: syūng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiong
- Palladius: сюн (sjun)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xiong1
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xyng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: hing1
- Yale: hīng
- Cantonese Pinyin: hing1
- Guangdong Romanization: hing1
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɪŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiûng
- Hakka Romanization System: hiung´
- Hagfa Pinyim: hiung1
- Sinological IPA: /hi̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
Note:
- hiaⁿ - vernacular;
- heng - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hian1
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiaⁿ
- Sinological IPA (key): /hĩã³³/
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | 兄 |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/ |
| Harbin | /ɕioŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Tianjin | /ɕioŋ²¹/ | |
| Jinan | /ɕioŋ²¹³/ | |
| Qingdao | /ɕiŋ²¹³/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /ɕyoŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xi'an | /ɕioŋ²¹/ | |
| Xining | /ɕyə̃⁴⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /ɕyoŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Lanzhou | /xỹn³¹/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ɕioŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Wuhan | /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Chengdu | /ɕyoŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Guiyang | /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Kunming | /ɕioŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Nanjing | /ɕioŋ³¹/ | |
| Hefei | /xiŋ²¹/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕyəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ɕioŋ¹³/ /ɕy¹³/ ～弟 | |
| Hohhot | /ɕỹŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ɕioŋ⁵³/ |
| Suzhou | /ɕioŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ɕioŋ³³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ɕoŋ³³/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /ɕyʌ̃³¹/ |
| Tunxi | /ɕyɛ¹¹/ | |
| Xiang | Changsha | /ɕioŋ³³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ɕin³³/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɑŋ⁴²/ /ɕiuŋ⁴²/ 弟～ |
| Hakka | Meixian | /hiuŋ⁴⁴/ |
| Taoyuan | /hioŋ²⁴/ | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /heŋ⁵³/ |
| Nanning | /heŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Hong Kong | /hiŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiŋ⁵/ /hia⁵⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hiŋ⁴⁴/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xœyŋ⁵⁴/ /xiaŋ⁵⁴/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /hiã³³/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /hia²³/ /hia⁵⁵/ ～兄 |
- Middle Chinese: xjwaeng
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*m̥raŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*hmraŋ/
Definitions
- elder brother
- elder male cousin
- 堂兄 ― tángxiōng ― father’s brother’s son older than oneself
- brother (male friend of the same generation)
Synonyms
Compounds
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Descendants
Japanese
Kanji
兄
Readings
- Go-on: きょう (kyō, Jōyō †)←きやう (kyau, historical)←くゐやう (kwyau, ancient)
- Kan-on: けい (kei, Jōyō)←けい (kei, historical)←くゑい (kwei, ancient)
- Tō-on: ひん (hin)
- Kun: あに (ani, 兄, Jōyō); にい (nii, 兄); にいさん (niisan, 兄さん); え (e, 兄)←え (e, 兄, historical)←𛀁 (ye, 兄, ancient); せ (se, 兄)
- Nanori: えだ (eda)←えだ (eda, historical)←𛀁だ (yeda, ancient); これ (kore); さき (saki); しげ (shige); ただ (tada); ね (ne); よし (yoshi)
Compounds
Compounds
- 兄弟 (kyōdai)
- 兄姉 (keishi)
- 兄事 (keiji)
- 兄弟 (keitei)
- 兄妹 (keimai)
- 阿兄 (akei)
- 家兄 (kakei)
- 花兄 (kakei)
- 雅兄 (gakei)
- 学兄 (gakkei), 学兄 (gakukei)
- 貴兄 (kikei)
- 義兄 (gikei)
- 愚兄 (gukei)
- 賢兄 (kenkei)
- 孔方兄 (kōhōhin)
- 吾兄 (gokei)
- 次兄 (jikei)
- 詞兄 (shikei)
- 実兄 (jikkei)
- 舎兄 (shakei), 舎兄 (shakyō)
- 従兄 (jūkei)
- 諸兄 (shokei)
- 新兄 (shinkyō)
- 仁兄 (jinkei)
- 尊兄 (sonkei)
- 大兄 (taikei)
- 仲兄 (chūkei)
- 長兄 (chōkei)
- 伯兄 (hakkei)
- 父兄 (fukei)
- 亡兄 (bōkei)
- 盟兄 (meikei)
- 令兄 (reikei)
- 老兄 (rōkei)
- 師兄 (suhin)
- 兄鷂 (konori)
- 兄鷹 (shō)
- 兄矢 (haya)
- 御兄 (onī)
- 従兄弟 (itoko)
Etymology 1
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 兄 |
| けい Grade: 2 |
| kan’on |
*/kˠwæi/ → /kʷæi/ → /keː/
From Middle Chinese 兄 (MC xjwaeng).
Pronunciation
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- Pitch accent for suffix unknown.
Noun
Idioms
Pronoun
Suffix
Etymology 2
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 兄 |
| あに Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese of unclear derivation:
- Probably originally a compound of 吾 (a, Eastern Old Japanese first-person pronoun) + の (no, possessive particle) + 兄 (ye → e, “eldest sibling”, see below):
- ⟨a no2 ye⟩ → */anʉʲɨe/ → /ani/
- Alternatively, an apophonic form of 姉 (ane, “elder sister”), itself from the same derivation above, possibly by fusion with empathic particle い (i).
(Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)
Pronunciation
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Noun
- one's own elder brother
- Antonym: 弟 (otōto)
- one's own elder sister's husband
- Synonym: 義兄 (gikei)
- Short for 花の兄 (hana no ani): alternative name for the 梅 (ume), the Japanese plum (Prunus mume)
Derived terms
Derived terms
Etymology 3
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 兄 |
| え Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
/je/ → /e/
From Old Japanese.
Noun
- (archaic) the eldest sibling
- 711–712, Kojiki, poem 16:, text here
- 加都賀都母伊夜佐岐陀弖流延袁斯麻加牟 [Man'yōgana]
- かつがつもいや先立てる兄をし枕かむ [Modern spelling]
- katsugatsu mo iya sakidateru e o shi makamu
- If I have to choose, the one standing there in front―the eldest one I'll wed.[1]
- Antonym: 弟 (oto)
Derived terms
Derived terms
Etymology 4
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 兄 |
| せ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Alternative forms
Noun
- (archaic) a woman's brother (regardless of age difference)
- (archaic) a woman's lover or husband
- (archaic) a familiar man
Antonyms
Derived terms
Derived terms
Etymology 5
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 兄 |
| このかみ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.
Originally a compound of 子 (ko, “child”) + の (no, possessive particle) + 上 (kami, “upper”).[2][3]
Alternative forms
Noun
- eldest son
- a senior
- Synonym: 年長者 (nenchōsha)
- (by extension) an elder sibling
- the head of a clan
- a skilled craftsman
- Synonym: 頭 (kashira)
Derived terms
- 兄心 (konokami-gokoro)
- 兄部 (konokōbe)
References
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Korean
Hanja
兄 • (hyeong, hwang)
- Eumhun:
- Sound (hangeul): 형, 황 (revised: hyeong, hwang, McCune–Reischauer: hyŏng, hwang, Yale: hyeng, hwang)
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(revised: hyeong, duryeowohada, McCune–Reischauer: hyŏng, turyŏwŏhada, Yale: hyeng, twuryewehata)
Vietnamese
Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- Japanese kanji with goon reading きょう
- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading きやう
- Japanese kanji with ancient goon reading くゐやう
- Japanese kanji with kan'on reading けい
- Japanese kanji with historical kan'on reading けい
- Japanese kanji with ancient kan'on reading くゑい
- Japanese kanji with tōon reading ひん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading あに
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にい
- Japanese kanji with kun reading にい-さん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading え
- Japanese kanji with historical kun reading え
- Japanese kanji with ancient kun reading 𛀁
- Japanese kanji with kun reading せ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading えだ
- Japanese kanji with historical nanori reading えだ
- Japanese kanji with ancient nanori reading 𛀁だ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading これ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading さき
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading しげ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ただ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading ね
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading よし
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